Agricultural (Rice) Production

Mechanization Technology in Korea

Sun-Ok Chung

Chungnam National University

농업기계화 필요성 및 목적, 연도별 기계화 노동 생산성 및 복지향상

토지 생산성 및 농산물 품질향상

작업자의 쾌적한 작업환경

50년대: 인력용 농기구(삽, 괭이, 호미, 낫 등)와 축력 농기구(쟁기 등) 사용

60년대: 소농기구 개량, 동력경운기 생산 보급 개시, 쟁기 개량, 병충해 방제용 동력방제기와 가품피해대책용 양수기 보급

70년대: 농업기계화 사업 5개년 계획 착수, 동력경운기 및 소형동력농기계 확대보급, 동력이앙기, 바인더, 콤바인 보급시작

80년대: 트랙터, 콤바인, 이앙기 등 확대보급, 보행형 중소형 농기계 공급감소, 승용형 대형농기계 수요증가

90년대: 벼농사 농작업 완전기계화, 미곡종합처리장 설치, 관리기 확대보급

00년대: 밭농사, 과수, 원예, 축산 기계화 첨단화, 자동화, 정보화 등

발전방향 토지 이용형 농업 시설 및 장치농업

자급형 농업 기업형 농업

농작업공정 기계화, 자동화 첨단기술에 의한 생산시스템 구축

자연품종 인공품종

단순식량 다기능성 식량

농수축산물 이용: 식량 신소재, 의약 분야, 에너지 등에 응용

Contents

Agricultural Mechanization

Changes in Farm Economy & Agricultural Mechanization

Policies for Promoting Agricultural Mechanization

Supply of Agricultural Machinery

Postharvest Technology

Rice Processing Complex

Agricultural Products Processing Center

Changes in Farm Economy &

Agricultural Mechanization

Rural population has been decreased rapidly

Increased farm scale and rural labour wage

Reinforced purchasing power

Developments in farming technology

Increased in off-farm job opportunities

Strong demand for Improved welfare

Government policies supporting the agricultural machinery

industry and distributing farm machines

Situation of Agriculture

Item 1970 1980 1990 2000 2008

Population

(1,000 person)

Total 32,241 38,124 42,869 47,275 48,607

Agriculture 14,422

(44.7%)

10,827

(28.4%)

6,661

(15.5%)

4,032

(8.7%)

3,187

(6.6%)

Employment

(1,000 person)

Total 9,167 13,687 18,085 21,061 23,577

Agriculture 4,846

(52.9%)

4,654

(34.0%)

3,237

(17.9%)

2,288

(10.9%)

1,686

(7.2%)

GDP

(Billion Won)

Total 2,771 36,857 178,262 517,096 1,023,938

Agriculture 645

(22.3%)

5,612

(15.2%)

15,592

(8.7%)

23,867

(4.6%)

23441

(2.3%)

Source : KSAM, Agricultural machinery yearbook 2010

Land utilization

Total and Farm Population

Farm population & over 60 years old

Over 60 years old in rural area

No. of Farm Households by scale

Farm households: full or part-time

Policy of Promoting Agricultural

Mechanization

Agricultural Mechanization Promotion Law (1978)

Revision of the Agricultural Mechanization Promotion Law

(1994, 2009)

In 2009, machinery for food industry was included as ag. machinery

Rural and Fishery Development Special Treatment Law

(1990)

Agricultural Mechanization Stages

1960s

- Dissemination of disaster prevention agricultural machinery

· Water pump and pest control machinery

1970s

- Power tiller have replaced the animal force

- Mechanization for release the farm labor peak

· For barley harvesting - rice transplanting season

1980s

- Propagation of rice transplanter and harvester

1990s

- Mechanization for improving agricultural structure & productivity

· Propagation of controlled greenhouse and livestock equipment

· Propagation of up-to-dated post-harvest equipment

2000s

- IT-fusion, environment friendly, larger, highly efficient machinery

- R&D: machinery for PA

Establishment of infrastructure for agri. mechanization

○ 1st. Stage(1961∼1970)

- Manufacturing of power tiller in 1963

- Inspection of agricultural machinery : IAEU 1963/ NAMIO 1967

- Supply of machinery by bank loan : NACF

- Establish the central agricultural machinery training center :

RDA 1969

1960s

○ Land preparation

▷ Oxen-plow(BC50 ~ 1970s)

▷ Work eff. : 1.6~3.5 hr/10a

Power tiller plow(1959 ~ resent) ◁ Work eff. : 2 hr/10a ◁

- Local made power tiller showed in 1963

- Wage jumped up 1.8 times for five years since 1965

- Started disseminate of power tiller and pest control machinery

○ Water management

▷ Wheel type water mill pumping

(5 ~6 ton/hr )

Water pump attached to power tillage◁

(30 hr)

▷ Manual transplanting

Work eff. : 12 hr/10a

○ Rice transplanting and pest controlling

Pest controlling by ◁

mist blower - duster

○ Harvesting and transportation

▷ Sickle harvesting(8 hr/10a)

Animal and man power ◁

transportation

○ Harvesting and transportation

▷ Sickle harvesting(8 hr/10a)

Animal and man power ◁

transportation

○ 2nd. Stage(1971∼1980)

- Promotion of farm mechanization

· 5-year farm mechanization plan in 1972

- Promulgation of Agri. Mechanization Promotion Law in 1979

- Provision of agricultural mechanization foundation

· Financial support for manufacture of machinery & marketing

· Repair & maintenance facility and training of agri. machinery

· Inspection and R & D for agricultural machinery

- Development of Joint-use system of agricultural machinery

1970s ○ Land preparation

▷ Power tiller rotary

▷ Work eff. : 2 hr/10a

- Acceleration of the industrialization and urbanization

- Great increase of wage for hiring labor

- Disseminated transplanter and combine harvester

Tractor plow ◁

Work eff. : 20~30 min/10a ◁

○ Rice transplanting and harvesting

▷ Rice transplanting (4-rows)

▷ Work eff. : 30 min/10a

Chemical herbicide application ◁

○ Pest controlling

▷ Power tiller attached-

power sprayer

High performance ◁

sprayer(10 min/10a)

▷ Reaper-binder harvesting

(50 min/10a)

Natural air drying grain-bin ◁

- Dissemination of rice transplanter, harvester and tractor

- Increasing establishment of repair & maintenance of machinery

- Extensive establishment of joint-use system

· Mechanized Farming Group, Mechanized Farming Corp. etc

- Promotion of mechanization for up-land farming

- Adoption of tax exempt system for agricultural machinery & fuel

- Lower the interest of agri. machinery purchasing loan rate 10→ 8%

○ 3rd. Stage(1981∼1990)

○ Land preparation

▷ Tractor plow (Irang Jang-ki)

▷ Work eff. : 10~15 min/10a

Tractor rotavator ◁

Work eff. : 10~15 min/10a ◁

- Accomplished almost total mechanization in rice cultivation

exceeding 90% of mechanization rate

- Required the high efficiency and riding type machinery

1980s

○ Pest controlling and herbicide application

Herbicide spreading by ◁

mist - blower

▷ Helicopter use pest controlling

○ Rice seedling - nursery growing and transplanting

6-rows riding rice transplanter ◁

▷ Rice seedling nursery

▷ Work eff. : 386 box/hr

○ Harvesting and drying

▷ Combine (3-row sacking)

▷ Work eff. : 30 min/10a

Circulation drier ◁

- Promotion of high performance agricultural machinery

· Higher the working speed & wider the working width

· Increase the riding type machinery

- Propagation of greenhouse engineering

· Steel pipe - pvc house → steel frame - PC and glass house

· Development of modern environmental control system

- Introduction of high efficiency livestock equipment

· Automatic feeding, milking, egg collecting, etc.

· Manure treatment and ventilation system

- Development of rice post-harvest system

· Establish the Rice Processing Complex and rice storage-bin

○ 4th. Stage(1991∼2000)

1990s ○ Land preparation and fertilizing

▷ Driven disc plow

Fertilizer applicator ◁

attached to tractor

▷ Dry land direct seeder

▷ Work eff. : 34 min/10a

Wet land direct seeder ◁

Work eff. : 18 min/10a ◁

○ Dry land & wet land direct rice seeder

▷ High speed rice transplanter

▷ Work eff. : 20 min/10a

Rice transplanter mounted herbicider ◁

Work eff. : transplanting4.6+herbi ◁

0.1 hr/ha

- Replaced from four-row walking transplanter to six-row riding transplanter

○ High speed, combined field operation

○ Pest controlling and harvesting

▷ Riding cultivator mounted

boom sprayer(10 min/10a)

Combine & container trailer(4-row) ◁

Work eff. : 15 min/10a ◁

- Replaced from two or three-row combine to four-row combine where traveling speed doubled from 0.6 m/s to 1.2 m/s

◁ Combine harvester attached

straw conditioner

Satellite guided autonomous ▷

tractor

○ New equipment for combine and unmanned tractor

○ Rice drying-storing and rice processing

▷ Rice drying-storing grain-bin

Rice storing and processing ◁

in Rice Processing Complex

○ Drying and processing

1990s Up-land crop

▷ Vegetable transplanter

Riding cultivator ◁ use vinyl mulching

▷ Peanuts combine harvester

Radish harvester ◁ attached to tractor

▷ Lily bulb digger

Chinese cabbage harvester ◁

▷ Electrostatic speed sprayer

Young seedlings nursery pot ◁ automatic soil & plant filling system

▷Greenhouse spraying system

Plug young-seedling ◁ planting machine

▷ Plant factory model

Young seedling growing system ◁ in greenhouse

▷ Nondestructive fruit quality evaluation system

Combine harvester attached ◁ straw conditioner

▷Tomato harvesting robot

Satellite guided autonomous ◁ tractor

Large Tractor > 100 HP

(2000~2010)

8-row rice transplanter

(2000~2010)

Unmanned Helicopter for Spraying

(2000~2010)

7-row Combine Harvester

(2000~2010)

RPC with RFID Application

+ Brand

Brand example: Super O’ning

Traceability Management

RPC with RFID Application

+ Brand

Tractor wheel power test ◁

□ Test & evaluation of agricultural machinery

▷ Tractor PTO performance test

◀ Crush test for tractor

safety frame

Tractor draw bar test ▶

OECD Agricultural tractor test( test codeⅠ~Ⅷ)

Year

Items 1970 1980 1990 2000 2009

Power tiller

Tractor

Rice transplanter

Combine harvester

Power sprayer

Power cultivator

Water pump

Grain dryer

Reaper binder

11,884

614

-

-

45,000

-

54,078

-

-

289,779

2,664

11,061

1,121

330,663

-

193,943

1,616

13,652

751,236

41,203

138,405

43,594

680,034

50,699

341,548

17,749

55,575

939,219

191,631

341,978

86,982

600,061

378,814

384,900

55,573

72,315

714,537

258,662

282,854

79,561

-

406,055

-

75,944

-

Unit :ea

Dissemination of agricultural machinery

Changes of mechanization rate in rice

Year Tillage transplanting Spraying Harvesting Drying

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

70

84

97

100

100

23

78

97

97

100

68

93

98

99

100

17

72

95

94

100

2.1

15

32

39

100

- Mechanization of rice cultivation was totally promoted.

- Mechanization for up-land crops, horticultural and livestock

production have been encouraged

- Year-round glasshouse production system was expanded

Unit: %

Dissemination of agricultural machinery

Postharvest Technology

Rice Processing Complex (RPC)

Agricultural Products Processing Center (APC)

Demand for high quality and safe agricultural products

Increase in export of agricultural products

Competitiveness against the imported products

Rice Processing Complex

Combine harvest Bulk

transferring Drying Storing Husking

Polishing Packaging/Distribution Consumer

Establishment of the RPC and DSC

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

'91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03

AC Private DSC

Achievement of RPC

One of the successful project of the Ministry of

Agriculture and Forestry

Modernized the postharvest system for rice

Improved the quality of rice

Reduced the labor burden of farmers

Saved the costs for drying and storing

Opened the bulk system for rice

Promoted the technologies for RPC system

Improved the management and distribution

Effect of RPC

(66%)

(100%)

(34%)

Conventional Method Op

era

tin

g C

ost (W

on

/to

n)

RPC

saved cost : 72.7 billion won

Loss rate

(1%)

Loss rate

(6%)

(5%)

Conventional Method

Loss c

ost (W

on/ton)

RPC

reduced loss: 64.9 billion won

Effect of RPC

Effect of RPC

Improvement Directions for RPC

The management improvement plan is necessary.

- high cost due to excessive facility investment

- high price for raw rice

- low supply due to high sales competition

- absence of management expert

The facility should be on a large scale.

- 1,000 billion(6,692 ton) ->4,000 billion (30,000 ton)

The efficiency of the management should be increased

- farming guidance

- harvesting time control

Schematic of the typical unit operations in a

mechanized packinghouse

Supported APC annually

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

'92-

'93

'95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03

Year

No

. o

f A

PC Others

IAPC

AC

ASC

Status of APC facilities

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

Farm,

PA

AC ASC Others

Managers

No

. o

f fa

cil

itie

s

Small-scale gatheringhouse

Pre-cooling

Sorting house

Gathering house

Cold storage

APC

Handling ratio of major products by APC

0

5

10

15

20

25

Han

dli

ng

Rati

o(%

)

2000 2001 2002

Year

Carrot

Onion

Apple

Pear

Garlic

Improvement Directions for APC

The efficiency of the facilities should be increased

- Working days are lower than the developed countries

- Farmers do not feel any needs to use the APC

- High burden depreciation of equipment

The growers should convert the recognition for collaborative

sorting and account.

- Farmers are selling the products to broker

The rationalization of scale and operating rate should be

increased.

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