Post on 12-Apr-2018
KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS TESTS
The adaptive nature of culture:
A cross-cultural analysis of the returns of
Local Environmental Knowledge
in three indigenous societies
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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INDEX
0. General aspects about the Knowledge Tests ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
1. Bolivia
1a. Hunting ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
1b. Wild Edibles …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
1c. Medicinal Plants …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
1d. Agriculture ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........
2. Cameroon
2a. Hunting ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2b. Wild Edibles …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2c. Medicinal Plants…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2d. Agriculture …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….........
3. Indonesia
3a. Hunting ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3b. Wild Edibles ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3c. Medicinal Plants …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3d. Agriculture ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Page 3
Page 5
Page 11
Page 17
Page 21
Page 25
Page 30
Page 35
Page 37
Page 42
Page 48
Page 55
Page 56
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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0. General Aspects about the Knowledge & Skills Tests of the LEK Project
The Knowledge & Skills Tests of the LEK Project are country-specific, but cross-culturally comparable, because they follow the same
structure. In this document, you will find the protocols of tests for each country. Each one of which has been elaborated in the native
language on site, following the ethnographic phase fo the LEK Project.
For each of the Knowledge & Skills Tests presented below, the following information applies:
Timing: Administer only once; Hunting & Wild Edibles in Quarter One; Agriculture & Medicinal Plants in Quarter Two.
Sample: Carry out the questionnaire with every adult (16 years and older).
Rationale: These questionnaires are designed to capture the local knowledge and skills of four domains of knowledge: (a) hunting; (b)
medicinal plants; (c) wild edibles; and (d) agriculture
Protocol:
- For domains (a) Hunting; and (b) Wild Edibles, the test is divided in two sections: (i) Knowledge; and (ii) Skills
- For domains (c) Medicinal Plants; and (d) Agriculture, both sections (i) Knowledge and (ii) Skills are merged in the same single
test.
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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1a. Hunting Knowledge & Skills BOLIVIA
Hunting Knowledge Test
Variable name Species
Code Tlk_animals
Question Answer Source Format Coderid:
Idsubjid --- Personal Id number nr
Knw_Hunt_Game1 112002
Teeth identification. ¿De qué animal son
estos dientes?
Naca’ (Cuniculus paca) LEK compilation Text
112002
Knw_Hunt_Game1behav ¿Qué lugar es mejor para cazar naca’? Cerca de ríos y arroyos Hailey (2012) Text
Knw_Hunt_Game2
112017
Footprint identification. ¿De qué animal es
esta huella?
Shätij (Dasyprocta
punctata) Cabrera et al. (1995) Text
112017
Knw_Hunt_Game2behav ¿Cuántas crías tiene el shätij?
Usually they have 2 young,
although in captivity there
are records of 3 and 4 young
Decker (2000) Text
Knw_Hunt_Game3
112003
Mandibule identification. ¿De qué animal es
esta quejada?
Chu’ (Nasua nasua) LEK compilation Text
112003
Knw_Hunt_Game3behav ¿En qué época tiene cría el chu’? Abril-junio Emmons (1997)
Gommper & Decker (1998) Text
Knw_Hunt_Game4
112005
Footnail identification. ¿De qué animal son
estas uñas?
Ñej’ (Mazama americana) LEK compilation Text
112005
Knw_Hunt_Game4behav ¿En qué época andan juntos los ñej’?
Apareamiento / cubrir / celo
Todos los meses excepto de
septiembre a octubre.
Hurtado & Jorge (2006), (2007) Text
Knw_Hunt_Game5
112001
Skull identification. ¿De qué animal es esta
cabeza?
Oyoj (Cebus apella) LEK compilation Text
112001
Knw_Hunt_Game5behav ¿Qué otros monos acompañan al oyoj?
Mostly chichi’. Also odo’
and uru’, but NEVER isvara
or other monkeys
Fragaszy et al. (2004) Text
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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Knw_Hunt_Game6 112008
Footnail identification. ¿De qué animal son
estas uñas?
Mumujñi (Tayasu pecari) LEK compilation Text
112008
Knw_Hunt_Game6behav ¿En qué época tiene cría el mumujñi? Pico entre julio y agosto March, I.J. (1993) Text
Knw_Hunt_Game7
112016
Footprint identification. ¿De qué animal es
esta huella?
Shi’ (Tapirus terrestris) Smithsonian Tropical Institute
Database (2012) Text
112016
Knw_Hunt_Game7behav ¿En qué época tiene cría el shi’?
No existe una temporada de
cría; la reproducción ocurre
todo el año
Salas and Kim (2002) Text
Knw_Hunt_Game8 112014
Footprint identification. ¿De qué animal es
esta huella?
O’oyoj (Tamandua
tetradactyla) Engstrom et al. (1999) Text
112014
Knw_Hunt_Game8behav ¿Cuántas crías tiene el o’oyoj? Sólo tienen una cría Hayssen (2011) Text
Knw_Hunt_Game9
112011
Skull identification. ¿De qué animal es esta
cabeza?
Odo’ (Ateles chamek) LEK compilation Text
112011
Knw_Hunt_Game9behav ¿Cada cuántos años puede tener cría el odo’?
At least two years. Inter-
birth periods last about a
year and up to three years.
Symington (1988) Text
Knw_Hunt_Game10
112013
Footprint identification. ¿De qué animal es
esta huella?
Väsh (Dasypus
novemcinctus) Cabrera et al. (1995) Text
112013
Knw_Hunt_Game10behav ¿Qué animal caza al väsh?
Aparte del hombre, casi no
tienen ningún enemigo
natural.
Hailey (2012) Text
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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Footprint identification
Knw_Hunt_Game2 Knw_Hunt_Game7 Knw_Hunt_Game8 Knw_Hunt_Game10
Sources: In the Hunting Knowledge Test of Bolivia (pages 3-4)
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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Complete Reference List:
BirdLife International (2013) Species factsheet: Penelope jacquacu and Spix’s Guan. Downloaded from www.birdlife.org on 22/11/2013
Cabrera, J.A., Lozano, P.H., Molano Rueda, F. (1995). Mamíferos Macarena. Asociación para la Defensa de la Macarena. Santa Fe de Bogotá: Colombia.
Decker, J. (2000). Dasyprocta punctate. Animal Diversity Web. Accessed November 22, 2013.
Emmons, L. (1997) Neotropical Rainforest Mammals; A Field Guide, Second Edition. The University of Chicago Press: Chicago, USA.
Engstrom, M.D., Lim, B.K., Reid, F.A. (1999) Guide to the Mammals of Iwokrama. Downloaded from www.iwokrama.org on 22/11/2013
Fragaszy DM, Visalberghi E, Fedigan LM. 2004. The complete capuchin: the biology of the genus Cebus. Cambridge: Cambridge U Pr. 339 p.
Gompper, M.D., Decker, D. (1998) Nasua nasua. Mammalian Species. Number 580.
Hailey (2012) The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago. The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine. Accessed the 22th November 2013.
Hayssen, V. (2011). "Tamandua tetradactyla (Pilosa: Myrmecophagidae)". Mammalian Species 43 (1): 64–74.
Hurtado, G., Jorge, L. (2006) Reproductive biology of female Amazonian brocket. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 3: 171-177.
Hurtado, G., Jorge, L. (2007) Assessing the sustainability of brocket deer hunting in the Tamshiyacu-Tahuayo Communal Reserve, northeastern Peru. Conservation – Biological Conservation,
138: 412-420.
March, I.J. (1993) The White-lipped Peccary (Tayassu pecari) In: Pigs, Peccaries and Hippos: Status Survey and Action Plan. Edited by W.L.R. Oliver. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland.
Salas, L.A.; Kim, J.B. (2002) Spatial factors and stochasticity in the evaluation of sustainable hunting of tapirs. Conservation Biology, 1: 86-96
Smithsonian Tropical Institute Database (2012) Footprint Collection. Smithsonian Tropical Institute: Washington, USA.
Symington, M. M. (1988). Demography, ranging patterns, and activity budgets of black spider monkeys (Ateles paniscus chamek) in the Manu National Park, Peru. American Journal of
Primatology 15: 45-67.
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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Hunting Skills Test
Variable Name Question Format Coderid: Date:
Idsubjid
Skill_hunt Do you go/used to go hunting? (if no, skip the
questionnaire)
Yes=1/No=0
Skill_hunt_
Lasthunt
When was the last time you went hunting? 0: never
1:yesterday
2: within the last week
3: within the last mth 4: within the last year
5: over a year ago
Skill_hunt_
Weapon1
Which tool or technique do you most commonly
use for hunting?
Tlk_weapon
Skill_hunt_
Mkweapon1
Do you make your own weapon (answer to
previous question)for hunting forest animals? (if
appropriate, i.e., not for commercial rifle)
Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A
Skill_hunt_last_
weapon1
When was the last time you went hunting with
(answer to previous question):
0: never
1:yesterday
2: within the last week 3: within the last mth
4: within the last year
5: over a year ago
Skill_hunt_
Weapon2
Which tool or technique do you most commonly
use for hunting? (second)
Tlk_weapon
Skill_hunt_
Mkweapon2
Do you make your own weapon (answer to
previous question)for hunting forest animals?
(only if appropriate)
Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A
Skill_hunt_last_
weapon2
When was the last time you went hunting
with(answer to previous question):
0: never
1:yesterday
2: within the last week 3: within the last mth
4: within the last year
5: over a year ago
Skill_hunt_
Weapon3
Which tool or technique do you most commonly
use for hunting?(third)
Tlk_weapon
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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Skill_hunt_last_
weapon3
When was the last time you went hunting with
(answer to previous question):
0: never
1:yesterday 2: within the last week
3: within the last mth
4: within the last year 5: over a year ago
Skill_hunt_
Mkweapon3
Do you make your own weapon (answer to
previous question)for hunting forest animals?
(only if appropriate)
Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A
Skill_hunt_bigga
me
How many tapirs (antas) have you hunted in
your life?
Numerical
Skill_hunt_soun
d
Do you know how to imitate the sound of
animals to track a deer?
Yes=1/No=0
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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1b. Wild Edibles Knowledge & Skills BOLIVIA
Wild Edibles Knowledge Test
Variable name Species
Code Tlk_wild
edibles
Question Answer Source
Knw_WE1
122007
Picture identification of wild edible 1.
¿Cuál es esta planta?
Ij’sita (Pseudolmedia laevis) Kew Gardens Database
http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropi
key/families/Moraceae.htm
122007
Knw_WE1_Eco ¿En qué tipo de tierra crece ij’sita? Gredosa Libro de Conocimientos Tsimane’
Knw_WE2
122059
Picture identification of wild edible 2.
¿Cuál es esta planta?
Buvei (Canna bangii) Plant Illustrations Database
http://plantillustrations.org/taxa.php?taxon=Canna 122059
Knw_WE2_Eco ¿Qué tiene la hoja de buvei en la
parte de abajo?
Pilosidades de color blanquecino http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canna_bangii
Knw_WE3
122062
Picture identification of wild edible 3.
¿Cuál es esta planta?
Odo’ odo’ (Toulicia reticulata) Plant Systematics Database
http://www.plantsystematics.org/imgs/mha8/r/Me
nispermaceae_Abuta_grandifolia_2360.html 122062
Knw_WE3_Eco ¿Odo’ odo’ es un bejuco o un árbol? Árbol http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=
40&taxon_id=242430222
Knw_WE4
122057
Picture identification of wild edible 4.
¿Cuál es esta planta?
Besej (Trophis racemosa) Discover Life Database
http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Trop
his+racemosa&guide=PA_BCI_Plantae_leaf 122057
Knw_WE4_Eco Cuando florece besej, revienta, ¿qué
será que se lleva el polvo de sus
flores?
El viento [especie anemófila] Lucinda McDade (1994)
Knw_WE5
122012
Picture identification of wild edible 5.
¿Cuál es esta planta?
Ojmero (Paulliniapinnata) Marco Schmidt picture, Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paullinia_pinnat
a_MS_4722.JPG 122012
Knw_WE5_Eco ¿Qué partes de ojmero son
venenosas?
Semillas y hojas www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Paullinia_pin
nata.pdf
Knw_WE6
122058
Picture identification of wild edible 6.
¿Cuál es esta planta?
Bitire (Attalea butyracea) Herbario Nacional de la Universidad de Panamá
http://herbario.up.ac.pa/Herbario/herb/vasculares/
galeria/family/Arecaceae?page=2 122058
Knw_WE6_Eco ¿Cuándo florece bitire? De agosto a octubre; el fruto está de noviembre a http://www.siac.net.co
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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abril; la gente colecta de abril a julio.
Knw_WE7
122063
Picture identification of wild edible 7.
¿Cuál es esta planta?
Vishirij (Inga marginata) Flora de Sâo Bento do Sul (SBS) Database
https://sites.google.com/site/florasbs/fabaceae/ing
a-mirim 122063
Knw_WE7_Eco ¿De qué color es la flor de vishirij? Flor blanca INBIO (2012) http://darnis.inbio.ac.cr/FMPro?-
DB=UBIpub.fp3&-lay=WebAll&-
Format=/ubi/detail.html&-Op=bw&id=604&-
Find
Knw_WE8
122061
Picture identification of wild edible 8.
¿Cuál es esta planta?
Soroca (Pouteria torta) Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
http://biogeodb.stri.si.edu/bioinformatics/dfm/met
as/view/22381
122061
Knw_WE8_Eco ¿Qué animal come las hojas de
soroca?
Larvas de mariposa http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pouteria
Knw_WE9
122060
Picture identification of wild edible 9.
¿Cuál es esta planta?
Moco (Spondias mombin) Peruvian Collection of the Herbarium of Rostlyn,
Czech Republic
http://www.cajovydum.cz/peruanskebyliny/eshop/
23-1-HERBAR-ROSTLIN/478-3-Ubos
122060
Knw_WE9_Eco ¿Se ve alguna vez el moco sin hojas? Es un pequeño árbol caducifolio que pierde las
hojas en la estación seca.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spondias_mombin
Knw_WE10
122004
Seed identification of wild edible 12.
¿Cuál es esta planta?
Tyutyura (Mauritia flexuosa) LEK Compilation
122004
Knw_WE10_Eco ¿Qué animal hace su nido en el palo
seco de la tyutyura?
Aves grandes, como loros, tucanes, etc. Libro de Plantas Isa (Santa María)
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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Wild Edibles picture identification
Knw_WE1 Knw_WE2 Knw_WE3 Knw_WE4 Knw_WE5
Knw_WE6 Knw_WE7 Knw_WE8 Knw_WE9
Sources: In the Wild Edibles Knowledge Test of Bolivia (pages 12-13)
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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Wild Edibles Skills Test
Variable
Code
Species Code
Tlk_wild
edibles
Question Format Coderid: Date:
Idsubjid
Sk_WE1_harv
_last
Ij’sita
(Pseudolmedia
laevis)
When was the last
time you
harvestedij’sita?
3: Last harvesting season
2: previous to last harvesting
season
1: longer than last two harvesting
seasons
0: Never
Sk_WE1_harv 122061
How did you
harvestij’sita?
Text
Sk_WE2_harv
_last
Buvei (Canna
bangii)
When was the last
time you
harvestedbuvei?
3: Last harvesting season
2: previous to last harvesting
season
1: longer than last two harvesting
seasons
0: Never
Sk_WE2_harv 122059
How did you
harvest buvei?
Text
Sk_WE3_harv
_last
Odo’ odo’
(Abuta
grandifolia)
When was the last
time you harvested
odo’ odo’?
3: Last harvesting season
2: previous to last harvesting
season
1: longer than last two harvesting
seasons
0: Never
Sk_WE3_harv 122062
How did you
harvest odo’ odo’?
Text
Sk_WE4_harv
_last
Besej (Trophis
racemosa)
When was the last
time you
harvestedbesej?
3: Last harvesting season
2: previous to last harvesting
season
1: longer than last two harvesting
seasons
0: Never
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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Sk_WE4_harv 122057
How did you
harvest besej?
Text
Sk_WE5_harv
_last
Ojmero
(Paullinia sp.
i.e., pinnata)
When was the last
time you harvested
ojmero?
3: Last harvesting season
2: previous to last harvesting
season
1: longer than last two harvesting
seasons
0: Never
Sk_WE5_harv 122012
How did you
harvest ojmero?
Text
Sk_WE6_harv
_last
Bitire (Attalea
butyracea /
phallerata)
When was the last
time you harvested
bitire?
3: Last harvesting season
2: previous to last harvesting
season
1: longer than last two harvesting
seasons
0: Never
Sk_WE6_harv 122058
How did you
harvest bitire?
Text
Sk_WE7_harv
_last
Vishirij (Inga
marginata)
When was the last
time you
harvestedvishirij?
3: Last harvesting season
2: previous to last harvesting
season
1: longer than last two harvesting
seasons
0: Never
Sk_WE7_harv 122063
How did you
harvest vishirij?
Text
Sk_WE8_harv
_last
Soroca
(Pouteria
torta)
When was the last
time you
harvestedsoroca?
3: Last harvesting season
2: previous to last harvesting
season
1: longer than last two harvesting
seasons
0: Never
Sk_WE8_harv
122067
How did you
harvest soroca?
Text
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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Sk_WE9_harv
_last
Cojma
(Papilionaceae
)
When was the last
time you harvested
cojma?
3: Last harvesting season
2: previous to last harvesting
season
1: longer than last two harvesting
seasons
0: Never
Sk_WE9_harv 122060
How did you
harvest cojma?
Text
Sk_WE10_har
v_last
Cojnono (Inga
sp.)
When was the last
time you
harvestedcojnono?
3: Last harvesting season
2: previous to last harvesting
season
1: longer than last two harvesting
seasons
0: Never
Sk_WE10_har
v
122065
How did you
harvest cojnono?
Text
Sk_WE11_har
v_last
Inijshi (Inga
sp.)
When was the last
time you
harvestedinijshi?
3: Last harvesting season
2: previous to last harvesting
season
1: longer than last two harvesting
seasons
0: Never
Sk_WE11_har
v
122066
How did you
harvest inijshi?
Sk_WE12_har
v_last
Tyutyura
(Mauritia
flexuosa)
When was the last
time you
harvestedtyutyura?
3: Last harvesting season
2: previous to last harvesting
season
1: longer than last two harvesting
seasons
0: Never
Sk_WE12_har
v
122004
How did you
harvest tyutyura?
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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1c. Medicinal Plants Knowledge & Skills BOLIVIA
Protocol for selecting plants and illnesses 1. Generate a list of medicinal plants of the indigenous group combining a) secondary literature and b) results from free listing. Use only items that have
been mentioned by at least two people. The list must be in the indigenous language.
2. Divide the list in 3 groups according to their saliency. Do a stratified random selection of 20 plants from the list, taking about 7 of the most salient plants,
about 7 mid-range (in saliency) plants, and about 7 least salient plants. Include both medicinal and non-medicinal plants. This list of about 20 plants will
be pilot-tested during the first quarter, with about 10 people from communities other than our study communities, after which the list will be reduced to 10
plants that will give you sufficient variation in responses (from very well known to very little known). The list should include two non-medicinal plants.
3. Generate a list of illnesses in the areas from free listings. These illnesses can be both physical and “spiritual” (e.g. ghosts, forest illness, etc), as well as
both diseases (malaria) and “symptoms” (e.g. headache, diarrhoea, etc). This will be used to generate tlk_illness.
4. These data can then be analysed either by consensus or with an answer key based on local expert knowledge, or both.
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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Tbl _medicinal plants
“Which illnesses can be cured with plant XX?” Collect information for the first 3 mentioned illnesses/symptoms.
Date: Coderid: Idsubjid:
PlantName IllnessName MPm_lastu
se
MP_whogiv
e
MP_howprep_1,2,3 MP_howuse MP_harm MP_preg MP_baby MP_ritual Notes
Nombre de la
planta
Nombre de la
enfermedad o
afección
Cuando fue
la última
vez que
utilizaste la
plantaX
para tratar
XX?
Jun’dye
ya’ca’mi
jaque’mo’
pinidye?
Si nunca
“Y alguien
de ha dado
el
tratamiento
?”
Qui buty mi
somin
jämdye mo’
pinidye?
If yes:
Como preparas remedio de X para tratar XX?
Jun buyi buty mi yutye’ mo’ pinidye?
(tick all the ones mentioned)
In ACCESS, enter into three columns and code using
Tlk_medplantprep)
Como utilizas el
remedio?
Jun buyi buty mi
yutye’ mo’
pinidye?
Puede hacer
mal este
remedio si
se usa en
mucha
cantidad?
Me buty mi
yocjin oij
pinidye
tyeitya mi
dai?
Pueden las
embarazada
s tomar este
remedio?
Tupuj buty
tyei in mo
pinidye mo
in pen in
jaja tsi
munsi’in?
Pueden los
bebés y los
niños/as
tomar este
remedio?
Tupuj buty
tyeij in oij
pinidye’
miqui’
munty’in?
Practica algún
ritual o
ceremonia
para tomar
este remedio?
Micdyi buty
mi jam vidyem
jequemi mo
pinidye?
Tlk_plants Tlk_illness 0: never
1:<1 month
ago
2: 2-12
month
3: over 1
year
idsubjid
0 if nobody
grin
d
boil Mix
(plant
s)
Mix
(others)
e.g. if
mixed
with
modern
product
etc)
macer
ated
burn chew direct
use
Internal
use (1)
(drink,
eat,
smoke,
in the
eyes..)
External
use (2)
(on the
skin,
bathe,
smoke
out, rub)
Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No
Punuvacdyes
Punuvacdyes
Punuvacdyes
Vambason
Vambason
Vambason
Macha
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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Macha
Macha
Banana
Banana
Banana
Que’tsejtsej
Que’tsejtse
Que’tsejtse
Tson’sonty
Tson’sonty
Tson’sonty
Ñetas
Ñetas
Ñetas
Yavitus
Yavitus
Yavitus
Mature
Mature
Mature
Arara’
Arara’
Arara’
Jamo’tarara
Jamo’tarara
Jamo’tarara
Buisi
Buisi
Buisi
Tyimujmure
Tyimujmure
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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Tyimujmure
Cravu
Cravu
Cravu
Marva
Marva
Marva
Parta
Parta
Parta
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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1d. Agriculture Knowledge & Skills BOLIVIA
Agriculture Knowledge & Skills Test
CODER ID: Answer
Variable name Question Format Traditional common PLANTAIN: Itsidye
Knw_Agr_Sp1_Name [Show plantain Itsidye] What is the name of this variety? Ask them to be as specific as
they can
Tlk_plantain varieties
Knw_Agr_Sp1_Manag1 Which is the plantain variety that gives a higher number of fruits? Tlk_plantain varieties
Skill_Agr_Sp1_Manag
Right now, how many plantain varieties do you cultivate in your field? Number
Skill_Agr_Sp1_pic
(1,2,3,4,5, respectively)
[Pictures of different plantain fruits] Which of these plantains are ready to be harvested? 1/2/3/4/5 (multiple answer)
Traditional intermediate PLANTAIN: Cojo´
Knw_Agr_Sp2_Name [Show plantain cojo’] What is the name of this variety? Tlk_plantain varieties
Knw_Agr_Sp2_Manag2 Which plantain variety gives fruits earlier? Tlk_plantain varieties
Skill_Agr_Sp2_Manag1 This year, in which type of soil do you have your plantain: clayey or sandy? 1 = clayey
2 = sandy
Skill_Agr_Sp2_Pic
[Picture of 2 plantain field] Which of these two plantain fields resemble more to yours? 1 or 2
Traditional rare YUCCA: Opuntye
Knw_Agr_Sp3_Name [Picture of yucca variety Opuntye] What is the name of this variety? Tlk_yucca varieties
Knw_Agr_Sp3_Manag2 Which yucca variety gives a whiter chibé? Tlk_yucca varieties
Skill_Agr_Sp3_Manag1 Last time you planted yucca, how many branches of yucca did you plant per hole? Number
Skill_Agr_Sp3_Pic
(1,2, respectively)
[Picture of yucca plant] By looking at the colour of these yucca plants, which one do you
think that it is ripe to be eaten/cooked?
1/2 (multiple answer)
Modern Common MAIZE: Dyurtyi’
Knw_Agr_Sp4_Name [Picture of maize dyurtyi’] What is the name of this variety? Tlk_maize varieties
Knw_Agr_Sp4_Manag2 Which variety of maize gives a darker chicha? Tlk_maize varieties
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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Skill_Agr_Sp4_Manag1 This year, where did you cultivate maize: monte alto, bakkan or barbecho? 1 = monte alto
2 = bakkan 3 = barbecho
0 = No cultivate
Skill_Agr_Sp4_Manag2 If no, have you ever cultivated maize? Yes/No
Skill_Agr_Sp4_Pic
(1,2,3,4, respectively)
[4 pictures of different maize drying under the sun] Which of these maize cobs are
already ready to be processed for making chicha?
1/2/3/4 (multiple answer)
Modern intermediate RICE: Carolina
Knw_Agr_Sp5_Name [Show the rice carolina] Which is this rice variety? Tlk_rice varieties
Knw_Agr_Sp5_Manag1 The grains of which rice variety fall more into the ground? Tlk_rice varieties
Knw_Agr_Sp5_Manag2 Which rice variety takes longer to cook? Tlk_rice varieties
Skill_Agr_Sp5_Manag1a Last year, did you build your one pirwa to store the rice? Yes/No
Skill_Agr_Sp5_Manag1c Last year, did you put trunks in your rice fields to separate the varieties so that the seeds
don’t get mixed?
Yes/No
Skill_Agr_Sp5_Pic [2 pictures of the same rice field in different moments] How many months do you think
that have gone by since the first picture was taken?
Number
Modern Rare MAIZE: Tana’ miqui’ muntyi’ tority’
Knw_Agr_Sp6_Name [Show maize Tana’ miqui’ muntyi’ tority’] What is the name of this variety? Tlk_maize varieties
Knw_Agr_Sp6_Manag1 Which variety of maize is the best to feed the chicken: posha, vishety or yäcäty? 1 = posha
2 = vishety 3 = yäcäty
4 = the same
Skill_Agr_Sp6_Manag1 Have you ever prepared pipocas? Yes/No
Skill_Agr_Sp6_Pic [Picture of three fields] In which of these 3 fields would you plant maize? 1/2/3 (multiple answer)
Management
Knw_Agr_Trad_manag_1
(a,b,c, respectively)
What are the names of the plants used to make eyaj (traps for birds in the fields)? Tlk_eyaj
Knw_Agr_Trad_manag_2
(a,b,c, respectively)
What other crops can be grown together with yucca? Tlk_crops Bolivia
Knw_Agr_Trad_manag_3
Which is the best wood to make a pirwa (for storing rice in the field)? Tlk_woods pirwa Bolivia
Knw_Agr_Mod_manag_1 Which crop dies when fumigated with pesticide? Tlk_crops Bolivia
Knw_Agr_Mod_manag_2 To which animal does the petilla resemble more: a cricket, a worm or a cockroach? 1=cricket
2=worm
3=cockroach
Knw_Agr_Mod_manag_3 Which quantity of insecticide, do you add for 20 litters of water? 1=1 tapa
2=5 cm
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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2a. Hunting Knowledge & Skills CAMEROON
Hunting Knowledge Test
Variable name
Species
Code
Tlk_anim
als
Question Answer Source Format Coderid:
Idsubjid --- Personal Id number nr
Knw_Hunt_Game1
212004
Identification question. How do you
differenciate the Red River Hog of the
Giant Forest Hog?
River River Hog has red
coat, Giant Forest Hog is
black.
The footprint are different
Estes, 2012 Text
Knw_Hunt_Game1behav What does Red River Hogs used to do with
their two long canines?
They dig the ground to get
roots and tubers Estes, 2012 Text
Knw_Hunt_Game2
212027
sound identification. What animal do you
hear?
Seko (Pan troglodytes) Sound from : Gautier-Hion A. et
al.1999 Text
212027
Knw_Hunt_Game2behav Does the Chimpanzee eat termites ? If yes,
how does he do ?
He uses a wood stick or a
leaf inserted in the termite
mound
Estes, 2012 Text
Knw_Hunt_Game3
212017
Picture identification. What animal do you
see on this picture?
Gbe (Cricetomys emini) Kingdon, 1997 Text
112003
Knw_Hunt_Game3behav Does the Gambian Rat live the day or at
the night time? It is strictly noctural Kingdon, 1997 Text
Knw_Hunt_Game4 212000
Identification question. How do you
recognize the old male of elephant? He is solitary Estes, 2012 ; Kingdon, 1997 Text
Knw_Hunt_Game4behav How do the mother elephant guide her The very Young elephant ADW Text
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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offspring? stay in a 5 meters
perimeters of the mother
all the time.
Knw_Hunt_Game5
212007
Picture identification. What animal do you
see on this picture?
Mbongo (Tragelaphus
eurycerus) Kingdon, 1997 Text
212007
Knw_Hunt_Game5behav Where does the bongo used to live?
In opening in the forest
where it can find sunlight,
bushes, herbs and
bamboos.
Bongos both feed and
depend for cover on the
bushes, herbs and bamboo
found in these forested
regions
Estes, 2012 : 185
ADW Text
Knw_Hunt_Game6
212013
Picture identification. What animal do you
see on this picture?
Bemba (Cephalophus
sylvicultor) Kingdon, 1997 Text
212013
Knw_Hunt_Game6behav Where does the Bemba use to rest during
the day ?
It regularly used resting
places under fallen trees, in
dense undergrowth, or in
root forms
ADW Text
Knw_Hunt_Game7
212023
Picture identification. What animal do you
see on this picture?
Mboka (Nandinia binotata)
Depierre & Vivien, 2012 Text
212023
Knw_Hunt_Game7behav Where does the nandinia give birth?
In a hole of a tree, or fallen
tree, of leaf tangles on the
ground
Estes, 2012 Text
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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Knw_Hunt_Game8
212015
Identification question. How do you
recognize the coat of the water chevrotain?
It has white stains on its
fur. Estes, 2012 Text
Knw_Hunt_Game8behav What does the water chevrotain do when it
is pursue?
It dives in closest river,
stream Estes, 2012 Text
Knw_Hunt_Game9
213010
Sound identification. What animal do you
hear ?
Mango (Ceratogymna
atrata)
Sound from : “African bird
Songs” gave by Dr. Bobo
Kadiri, University of Dschang,
Cameroon.
Text
215010
Knw_Hunt_Game9behav Where does the Hornbill give birth ?
They reproduce at rainy
season, they give birth in a
cavity, up on a big tree
(>3m diameter)
Kemp, 1995 Text
Knw_Hunt_Game10
212020
Sound identification. What animal do you
hear ?
Yoka (Dendrohyrax
dorsalis) Kingdon, 1997 Text
212020
Knw_Hunt_Game10behav At what time does the Tree hyraxe shoot ?
At dry season, during the
full night night.
After the night fall.
Estes, 2012
ADW Text
Knw_Hunt_Game11
212028
Sound identification. What animal do you
hear ?
Kalu (Colobus guereza) Sound from : Gautier-Hion A. et
al.1999 Text
212028
Knw_Hunt_Game11behav How do you differentiate male and female?
the apparent sexual
dimorphism is behavioral,
or can be heard.
The male is slightly bigger
than the female
Estes, 2012
ADW Text
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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Animal identification from pictures
Knw_Hunt_Game3 Knw_Hunt_Game6 Knw_Hunt_Game7
Sources: In the Hunting Knowledge Test of Cameroon
Complete Reference List:
Animal Diversity Web (ADW), University of Michigan Museum of Zoology : http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu
DEPIERRE, D. & VIVIEN, J. 2012. Mammifères sauvages du Cameroun. Nguila Kerou. 316 pages.
ESTES, R., D. 2012. The Behavior of African Mammals. The University of California Press.
GAUTIER-HION, A. COLYN, M. GAUTIER, J.-P. 1999. Histoire Naturelle des Primates d’Afrique Centrale. Ecofac. (with CD)
KEMP, A. 1995. Bird Families of the World: The Hornbills Bucerotiformes.. New York: Oxford University Press.
KINGDON, J. 1997. Field Guide toAfrican Mammals. A&C Blach Publishers.
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
29
Hunting Skills Test Skill_hunt Do you go/used to go hunting? (if no, skip the questionnaire) Yes=1/No=0
Skill_hunt_Lasthunt When was the last time you went hunting? 0: never
1:yesterday
2: within the last week 3: within the last mth
4: within the last year
5: over a year ago
Skill_hunt_Weapon1 Which tool or technique do you most commonly use for hunting? Tlk_weapon
Skill_hunt_Mkweapon1 Do you make your own weapon (answer to previous question)for hunting forest
animals? (if appropriate, not for commercial rifle)
Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A
Skill_hunt_last_weapon1 When was the last time you went hunting with (answer to previous question): 0: never
1:yesterday
2: within the last week 3: within the last mth
4: within the last year
5: over a year ago
Skill_hunt_Weapon2 Which tool or technique do you most commonly use for hunting? (second) Tlk_weapon
Skill_hunt_Mkweapon2 Do you make your own weapon (answer to previous question)for hunting forest
animals? (only if appropriate)
Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A
Skill_hunt_last_weapon2 When was the last time you went hunting with(answer to previous question): 0: never 1:yesterday
2: within the last week
3: within the last mth 4: within the last year
5: over a year ago
Skill_hunt_Weapon3 Which tool or technique do you most commonly use for hunting?(third) Tlk_weapon
Skill_hunt_last_weapon3 When was the last time you went hunting with (answer to previous question): 0: never
1:yesterday 2: within the last week
3: within the last mth
4: within the last year
5: over a year ago
Skill_hunt_Mkweapon3 Do you make your own weapon (answer to previous question)for hunting forest
animals? (only if appropriate)
Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A
Skill_hunt_biggame How many Wild boar (Potamochoerus porcus)have you hunted in your life? Numerical
Skill_hunt_sound Do you know how to imitate the sound of duiker to track it? Yes=1/No=0
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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2b. Wild Edibles Knowledge & Skills CAMEROON
Wild Edibles Knowledge Test
Variable name Species
Code
Tlk_wild
edibles
Question Answer Source
Knw_WE1
222006
Stem identification
Dioscorea semperflorens èsumà
222006
Knw_WE1_Eco How can you see that èsumà tuber is
mature, ready to eat?
When the leaves become red/yellow Dounias, 1996.
Knw_WE2
222074
Picture identification
Baillonella toxisperma mabE
222074
Knw_WE2_Eco Which insect could we find in mabE kernel ?
Edulu - Carpophilus sp.
Plenderleith & Brown, 2000
Knw_WE4
222051
Picture identification
Panda oleosa kanà
222051
Knw_WE4_Eco Which animal eats kanà fruits ? Boko, tende, sende All the squirels (notably Protoxerus stranger and
Epixerus ebii)
Thorington et al., 2012
Vander Wall, 1990
Knw_WE5
222113
bark identification
Anonidium mannii ngbé
222113
Knw_WE5_Eco Does ngbé give fruits every year? No, not every year. http://www.skyfieldtropical.com/encyclopedia/jun
glesop/
Knw_WE6
231002
How do you make the difference
between mòlèngi hives and
mopapele hives ?
Nothing in the literature
Knw_WE6_Eco Where are mòlèngi bees making
their hive ?
Nothing in the literature
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
31
Knw_WE7
222043
bark identification
Ricinodendron heudelotii gObO
222043
Knw_WE7_Eco When is gObO flowering? From march to may Eyog Matig O., Ndoye O., Kengue J. & Awano
A., 2006. Les
fruitiers forestiers comestibles du Cameroun.
Cotonou:
IPGRI/SAFORGEN/IRAD/CIFOR
Knw_WE8
222129
bark identification
Alchornea cordifolia pO
222129
Knw_WE8_Eco Which insect eatspOfruits? Alchornea cordifolia is a preferred feed plant of
the desert locust Zonocerus variegatus.
http://database.prota.org/PROTAhtml/Alchornea
%20cordifolia_En.htm
Knw_WE9
222085
Picture identification
Elaeis guineensis mbilà
222085
Knw_WE9_Eco Where does mbilà used to grow ? In riverine forests or in freshwater swamps. It
cannot thrive in primeval forests and does not
regenerate in high secondary forests
http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energ
y/elaeis_guineensis.html
Knw_WE10
232004
Picture identification
n.det. mòndùngùlE
232004
Knw_WE10_Eco Does mòndùngùlEgrow all the year
?
Nothing in the literature ; only known that
mushroom easily grow during rains
Knw_WE11
231001
Picture identification
n.det. dandu
231000
Knw_WE11_Eco When does dandu produce the most
?
Nothing in the literature
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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Wild Edibles bark and picture identification
Knw_WE 5 / 7 / 8 Knw_WE2
Knw_WE4 Knw_WE
Sources: In the Wild Edibles Knowledge Test of Cameroon
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
33
Wild Edibles Skills Test
Variable Code Species Code
Tlk_wild edibles
Question Format Coderid: Date:
Idsubjid
Sk_WE1_harv_last Dioscorea
semperflorens
When was the last time you
harvested Dioscorea
semperflorens?
3: Last harvesting season
2: previous to last harvesting season
1: longer than last two harvesting seasons
0: Never
Sk_WE1_harv 222006 How did you harvest Dioscorea
semperflorens?
Text
Sk_WE2_harv_last Baillonella
toxisperma
When was the last time you
harvested Baillonella
toxisperma?
3: Last harvesting season
2: previous to last harvesting season
1: longer than last two harvesting seasons
0: Never
Sk_WE2_harv 222074
Do you know exactly where to
find a tree of Baillonella
toxisperma?
Text
Sk_WE3_harv_last Panda oleosa When was the last time you
harvested Panda oleosa ?
3: Last harvesting season
2: previous to last harvesting season
1: longer than last two harvesting seasons
0: Never
Sk_WE3_harv 222051 Do you used to break Panda
oleosa nuts?
Text
Sk_WE5_harv_last Anonidium
mannii
When was the last time you
harvested Anonidium mannii?
3: Last harvesting season
2: previous to last harvesting season
1: longer than last two harvesting seasons
0: Never
Sk_WE5_harv 222113
Do you know exactly where to
find a tree of Anonidium
mannii?
Text
Sk_WE6_harv_last (meliponini tribe
honey)
When was the last time you
harvested mòlèngi?
3: Last harvesting season
2: previous to last harvesting season
1: longer than last two harvesting seasons
0: Never
Sk_WE6_harv 231002
How did you harvest mòlèngi? Text
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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Sk_WE7_harv_last Ricinodendron
heudelotii
When was the last time you
harvested Ricinodendron
heudelotii?
3: Last harvesting season
2: previous to last harvesting season
1: longer than last two harvesting seasons
0: Never
Sk_WE7_harv 222043
Do you know exactly where to
find a tree of Ricinodendron
heudelotii?
Text
Sk_WE8_harv_last Alchornea
cordifolia
When was the last time you
harvested Alchornea cordifolia?
3: Last harvesting season
2: previous to last harvesting season
1: longer than last two harvesting seasons
0: Never
Sk_WE8_harv
122067
Do you know exactly where to
find a tree of Alchornea
cordifolia?
Text
Sk_WE9_harv_last Elaeis
guineensis
When was the last time you
harvested Elaeis guineensis?
3: Last harvesting season
2: previous to last harvesting season
1: longer than last two harvesting seasons
0: Never
Sk_WE9_harv 222085
Where does the Elaeis
guineensis used to grow ?
Text
Sk_WE10_harv_last
Undetermined
mushroom
When was the last time you
harvested mundungule ?
3: Last harvesting season
2: previous to last harvesting season
1: longer than last two harvesting seasons
0: Never
Sk_WE10_harv 222119 In which places/surface do the
mundungule grow ?
Text
Sk_WE11_harv_last (meliponini tribe
honey)
When was the last time you
harvested dandu?
3: Last harvesting season
2: previous to last harvesting season
1: longer than last two harvesting seasons
0: Never
Sk_WE11_harv 232004
How did you harvest dandu? Text
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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2c. Medicinal Plants Knowledge & Skills CAMEROON
Protocol for selecting plants and illnesses 5. Generate a list of medicinal plants of the indigenous group combining a) secondary literature and b) results from free listing. Use only items that have
been mentioned by at least two people. Thelistmust be in the indigenous language.
6. Divide the list in 3 groups according to their saliency. Do a stratified random selection of 20 plants from the list, taking about 7 of the most salient plants,
about 7 mid-range (in saliency) plants, and about 7 least salient plants. Include both medicinal and non-medicinal plants. This list of about 20 plants will
be pilot-tested during the first quarter, with about 10 people from communities other than our study communities, after which the list will be reduced to 10
plants that will give you sufficient variation in responses (from very well known to very little known). The list shouldinclude two non-medicinal plants.
7. Generate a list of illnesses in the areas from free listings. These illnesses can be both physical and “spiritual” (e.g. ghosts, forest illness, etc), as well as
both diseases (malaria) and “symptoms” (e.g. headache, diarrhea, etc). This will be used to generate tlk_illness.
These data can then be analyzed either by consensus or with an answer key based on local expert knowledge, or both.
“Which illnesses can be cured with plant XX?” Collect information for the first 3 mentioned illnesses/symptoms.
Date: Coderid: Idsubjid:
PlantName IllnessNam
e
MP_lastuse MP_whogiv
e
MP_howprep_1,2,3 MP_howuse MP_ha
rm
MP_p
reg
MP_baby MP_ritual Notes
Name of
Plant
Name of
Illness
When was
the last
time you
use plant X
to treat
illness XX?
If never
“has
someone
given to
you the
treatment?
”
If yes:
How do you prepare plant X for illness
XX?
(tick all the ones mentioned)
In ACCESS, enter into three columns and code
using Tlk_medplantprep)
How do you use it?
If culture-specific use not
known in “English
language”, then write use in
local indigenous language
and explain in notes
In ACCESS, code 1 or 2 Is t
hep
rep
arat
ion
har
mfu
l if
tak
en
in o
ver
do
ses?
A
re p
reg
nan
t
wo
man
all
ow
ed
to t
ake
this
pre
par
atio
n?
Are
bab
ies
and
yo
ung
ch
ild
ren
allo
wed
to
tak
e
this
pre
par
atio
n?
Is there any ritual
or ceremony to be
performed during
application? (abstinence,songs..etc
). In notes, describe
the ritual/practice
Tlk_plants Tlk_illness 0: never
1:<1 month
ago
2: 2-12 month
3: over 1 year
idsubjid
0 if nobody;
code
tlk_actors if
outside
village
gri
nd
bo
il
Mix
wit
h
pla
nts
Mix
w
ith
oth
ers.
(e.
g.
mo
den
pro
du
ct)
mac
erat
e
bu
rn
chew
dir
ect
use
Internal use
(1) (drink,
eat, smoke, in
the eyes..)
External use
(2) (on the
skin, bathe,
smoke out,
rub)
Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No,
gùgà Illness1
gùgà Illness2
gùgà Illness3
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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bòyo Illness1
bòyo Illness2
bòyo Illness3
Ngolù Illness1
Ngolù Illness2
Ngolù Illness3
bOsO Illness1
bOsO Illness2
bOsO Illness3
kàngà Illness1
kàngà Illness2
kàngà Illness3
ngOyO Illness1
ngOyO Illness2
ngOyO Illness3
adjadjo Illness1
adjadjo Illness2
adjadjo Illness3
bòlòngo Illness1
bòlòngo Illness2
bòlòngo Illness3
bambu Illness1
bambu Illness2
bambu Illness3
bOtO Illness1
bOtO Illness2
bOtO Illness3
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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2d. Agriculture Knowledge & Skills CAMEROON
Agriculture Knowledge & Skills Test
Traditional common: PLANTAIN Knw_Agr_Sp1_Name Name of the variety show a cutting Gno'o Knw_Agr_Sp1_Manag1
Which variety does ripen the fastest? Gno'o
Knw_Agr_Sp1_Manag2
How do you do to ripen the regime? Cut it and keep it on the grid
Skill_Agr_Sp1_Manag1 What do you do with the mu-ndo ? To protect the family when a person dies, it is hold on the
door of the house Skill_Agr_Sp1_Manag2 How many varieties do you have in your plot? No true answer : personal investment Skill_Agr_Sp1_pic1a Will those plantains produce well? Yes Skill_Agr_Sp1_pic1b Why?
Traditional intermediate: MANIOC Knw_Agr_Sp2_Name Name of the variety ? tuber Minbour Knw_Agr_Sp2_Manag1 How many cassava's cutting do you in the same place ? 2 or 3 Knw_Agr_Sp2_Manag2 What can cassava's leaves cure ? To cure pregnant women / burns Skill_Agr_Sp2_Manag1 If you plant this tuber here, where do you plant the other ? show the place
and take the distance the respondent gives
No true answer : TEK
Skill_Agr_Sp2_Manag2 How many varieties do you have in your plot ? list
No true answer: personal investment
Skill_Agr_Sp2_pic Are those plants ready to be harvested ? Yes
Traditional rare: SAPA Knw_Agr_Sp3_Name Name of the variety. tuber sapa Knw_Agr_Sp3_Manag1 When is the best moment to plant this yam ? The same moment as the other, from march to may Knw_Agr_Sp3_Manag2 Do you use this yam to cure something ? What ? To cure pregnant women
Skill_Agr_Sp3_Manag1a Did you plant this yam in your plot this year ? No true answer : personal investment Skill_Agr_Sp3_Manag1b If "no", when was the last time you planted it ? Why ? No true answer : personal investment Skill_Agr_Sp3_Manag1c If "yes", did it produce well ? No true answer : personal investment Skill_Agr_Sp3_pic Look at this picture, is this a good productivity for sapa ? No
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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Modern common: CACAO Knw_Agr_Sp4_Name Name of the variety ? Selectionné Knw_Agr_Sp4_Manag1 How many time does this cacao live ?
3-4 years
Knw_Agr_Sp4_Manag2
Name of the fungicidefor the cacao ? Ridomine, Plantomine, Nordose, Cocobre, Etrofolan,
Anticapside Skill_Agr_Sp4_Manag1 Do you know how to cut trees of cacao ? No true answer : Personal investment Skill_Agr_Sp4_Manag2a Do you have a plot of cacao ? No true answer : Personal investment Skill_Agr_Sp4_Manag2b If "yes", how many years did it produce ?
No true answer : Personal investment
Skill_Agr_Sp4_Manag2c If "yes", did you already sell cacao ? No true answer : Personal investment Skill_Agr_Sp4_pic Is it ready to be harvested ? Yes
Modern intermediate: MEBUTA Knw_Agr_Sp5_Name Name of the variety. tuber Mebuta Rouge / du village Knw_Agr_Sp5_Manag1 How many varieties do you know ? No true answer : Personal investment
Knw_Agr_Sp5_Manag2 Which variety does ripen the fastest ? Rouge
Skill_Agr_Sp5_Manag1a Did you plant sweet potatoes this year ? No true answer : Personal investment Skill_Agr_Sp5_Manag1b If "no", when was the last time you planted it ? No true answer : Personal investment Skill_Agr_Sp5_Manag1c If "yes", when did you plant it ? No true answer : Personal investment Skill_Agr_Sp5_Manag2 Which varieties do you have in your plot ?
No true answer : Personal investment
Skill_Agr_Sp5_pic Do you think it is possible to plant sweet potatoes in this plot ? Yes Skill_Agr_Sp5_pic
Why ?
Modern rare: ARACHIDE Knw_Agr_Sp6_Name Name of the variety. Fruit
Arachide du village
Knw_Agr_Sp6_Manag1 Near to which plant is it impossible to plant groundnuts?
No true answer : TEK
Knw_Agr_Sp6_Manag2 Why do groundnut become sick ?
No true answer : TEK
Skill_Agr_Sp6_Manag Did you plant groundnuts this year?
Yes / No
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Skill_Agr_Sp6_Manag If "no", when was the last time you planted it ?
No true answer : Personal investment
Skill_Agr_Sp6_Manag If "yes", which are the other plant in your plot ? No true answer : Personal investment
Skill_Agr_Sp6_Manag2 Did you already sell groundnuts ?
No true answer : Personal investment
Skill_Agr_Sp6_pic
Is it possible to plant groundnuts in this plot ? No true answer : Personal investment
Management Knw_Agr_Trad_manag_1 What is the best way for productivity: to burn before or after having
planted plantain and cassava ?
Before
Knw_Agr_Trad_manag_2 When is the best moment to open a new plot ? At the begining of the dry season
Knw_Agr_Trad_manag_3 Which wild trees are important for the productivity of the plot ? No true answer : TEK
Knw_Agr_Mod_manag_1 How many plantains did you plant this year ? No true answer : Personal investment
Knw_Agr_Mod_manag_2 What is the best distance to leave between cassava and plantain ? (show
the distance)
No true answer : TEK
Knw_Agr_Mod_manag_3 What do you do to protect your plot against the predators ? No true answer : Personal investment
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Picture Identification (Source: Own elaboration)
Skill_Agr_Sp1_pic1aSkill_Agr_Sp2_picSkill_Agr_Sp3_pic
Knw_Agr_Sp4_NameSkill_Agr_Sp5_picSkill_Agr_Sp6_pic
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3.1. Hunting Knowledge & Skills INDONESIA
Hunting Knowledge Test
Variable name Question Answer Format
Knw_Hunt_Game1 Source: original picture LEK
Footprint identification. Do you know which animal produces, footprint?
Bavui (Susbarbatus) Tlk_Animals
Knw_Hunt_Game2 Source: original picture LEK
Footprint identification
Telau (Muntiacus spp.) Tlk_Animals
Knw_Hunt_Game3 Source: Payne and Francis 2007, p. 126. Do you know the name of this
animal?
Ketan (Arctictisbinturong) Tlk_Animals
Knw_Hunt_Game4 Source: Payne and Francis 2007, p. 128. Do you know the name of this
animal?
Munin (Paradoxurushermaphroditus) Tlk_Animals
Knw_Hunt_Game5 Source:http://orientalbirdimages.org/search.php?Bird_ID=332&Bird_Im
age_ID=40369&Bird_Family_ID=&p=1, modified
Animal identification
Pecaku (Bucerosvigil) Tlk_Animals
Knw_Hunt_Game6 Source: original picture LEK
Feces identification
Bowang (Helarctosmalayanus) Tlk_Animals
Knw_Hunt_Game7 Source:http://www.arkive.org/great-argus/argusianus-argus/
Animal identification
Owei (Argusianusargus) Tlk_Animals
Knw_Hunt_Game8 Source: Payne and Francis 2007, p. 80. Do you know the name of this
animal?
Megah (Ratufaaffinis) Tlk_Animals
Knw_Hunt_Game9 Source: Payne and Francis 2007, p. 128. Do you know the name of this
animal?
Angan (Pagumalarvata) Tlk_Animals
Knw_Hunt_Game10 Source: Payne and Francis 2007, p. 76. Do you know the name of this
animal?
Kuyat (Macacafascicularis) Tlk_Animals
Knw_Hunt_Game1
behav
What is the nest of bavui made of? (Source: Payne and Francis 2007,
http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/41772/0,
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/sit
e/accounts/information/Sus_barbatus.html
#behavior)bitten/torn off saplings and
Text
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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Variable name Question Answer Format
shrubs)
Knw_Hunt_Game2
behav
Is telau more active during the day or the night? (Source: Payne and Francis 2007)during
the day
Text
Knw_Hunt_Game3
behav
What is ketan’s main food? (Source: Payne and Francis 2007)ripe
fruits / figs
Text
Knw_Hunt_Game4
behav
Is munin more active during the day or the night? (Source: Payne and Francis 2007)during
the night
Text
Knw_Hunt_Game5
behav
In general, how many pecaku live together? (Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmeted_Ho
rnbill, accessed date 2012/07/01) pairs
Number
Knw_Hunt_Game6
behav
Where do bowang build their nests? (Source: Payne and Francis 2007)in tall
trees
Text
Knw_Hunt_Game7
behav
Where do owei make their nests? (Source: www.arkive.ort/great-
argus/argusianus-argus/#text=Biology,
accessed date 22-07-12)in trees at night
Text
Knw_Hunt_Game8
behav
Do megah often go down from the trees? (Source: Payne and Francis 2007) no, only
for going from one tree to another
Text
Knw_Hunt_Game9
behav
Where do angan sleep? (Source: Payne and Francis 2007) in tree
holes and forks in big trees
Text
Knw_Hunt_Game10be
hav
Can you see kuyat in small trees? (Source: Payne and Francis 2007) yes,
unlike other monkeys
Text
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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Picture Identification
Sources: In the Hunting Knowledge Test of Indonesia
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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Complete Reference List:
Payne, J., Francis, C. M.& K. Phillipps 1985. A field guide to the mammals of Borneo. Sabah Society (with WWF Malaysia), Kota Kinabalu.
Kawanishi, K., Gumal, M. & Oliver, W. 2008. Sus barbatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species,
http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/41772/0
Animal Diversity Web, University Michigan
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sus_barbatus.html#behavior,accessed date 22/07/2012
http://www.arkive.org/bearded-pig/sus-barbatus/, accessed date 22/07/2012
http://orientalbirdimages.org/search.php?Bird_ID=332&Bird_Image_ID=40369&Bird_Family_ID=&p=1, accessed date 22/07/2012
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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Hunting Skills Test
Variable Name Question Format
Skill_hunt Do you go/used to go hunting? (if no, skip the questionnaire) Yes=1/No=0
Skill_hunt_
Lasthunt
When was the last time you went hunting? 0: never
1:yesterday
2: within the last week
3: within the last mth
4: within the last year
5: over a year ago
Skill_hunt_
Weapon1
Which tool or technique do you most commonly use for hunting? Tlk_weapon
Skill_hunt_
Mkweapon1
Do you make your own weapon (answer to previous question)for hunting forest animals?
(if appropriate, i.e., not for commercial rifle)
Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A
Skill_hunt_last_weapon1 When was the last time you went hunting with (answer to previous question): 0: never
1:yesterday
2: within the last week
3: within the last mth
4: within the last year
5: over a year ago
Skill_hunt_
Weapon2
Which tool or technique do you most commonly use for hunting? (second) Tlk_weapon
Skill_hunt_
Mkweapon2
Do you make your own weapon (answer to previous question)for hunting forest animals?
(only if appropriate)
Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A
Skill_hunt_last_weapon2 When was the last time you went hunting with(answer to previous question): 0: never
1:yesterday
2: within the last week
3: within the last mth
4: within the last year
5: over a year ago
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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Variable Name Question Format
Skill_hunt_
Weapon3
Which tool or technique do you most commonly use for hunting?(third) Tlk_weapon
Skill_hunt_last_weapon1 When was the last time you went hunting with (answer to previous question): 0: never
1:yesterday
2: within the last week
3: within the last mth
4: within the last year
5: over a year ago
Skill_hunt_biggame How many sun bears (bowang) have you hunted in your life? Numerical
Skill_hunt_sound Do you know how to imitate the sound of animals to track a deer(payou)? Yes=1/No=0
Skill_Poison_last When was the last time you prepared poison for blowpipe? 0: never
1: < 1 month ago
2: 2-12 months ago
3: > 1 year ago
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3.2. Wild Edibles Knowledge & Skills INDONESIA
Wild Edibles Knowledge Test
Variable name Question Format
Knw_WE1 Picture identification of torai (Baccaurea macrocarpa)
(Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/adaduitokla/6074237871/in/set-72157627002948962)
Text
Knw_WE1_Eco Where does the torai fruit grow on the tree?
(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccaurea_macrocarpa, female trees bear fruit directly on the trunk
and large branches)
Text
Knw_WE2 Picture identification of mesalin(Xanthophyllum obscurum)
Source: http://asianplant.net/
Text
Knw_WE2_Eco Can mesalin grow in jakau (fallow)? (Source: http://211.114.21.20/tropicalplant/html/print.jsp?rno=815,
primary forest)
Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A
Knw_WE3 Picture identification of buno (Garcinia mangostana)
Source: http://www.mangosteen.com/historyandfolklore.htm
Text
Knw_WE3_Eco Upon postharvest of buno fruit, how do you know if the fruit is reap, does the fruit hardens or softens?
(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garcinia_mangostana, softens)
softens=1/hardens=0/ -8:
N/A
Knw_WE4 Picture identification of buaabung (Nephelium rambutan-ake)
Source: http://asianplant.net/
Text
Knw_WE4_Eco Where does the bua abung tree usually grow? (Source: http://www.asianplant.net/, alluvial sites and along
rivers and streams)
Text
Knw_WE5 Picture identification of va’it (Nephelium maingayi)
Source:http://www.chm.frim.gov.my/Bio-Diversity-Databases/Gallery.aspx?page=124
Text
Knw_WE5_Eco Does va’it tree grow along rivers and streams? (Source: http://www.asianplant.net/, alluvial (swamps) sites
and along rivers and streams)
Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A
Knw_WE6 Picture identification of jema (Arenga undulatifolia)
Source: http://www.biolib.cz/en/image/id31921/
Text
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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Variable name Question Format
Knw_WE6_Eco Does the jema tree need a lot of sun? (Source: http://www.photomazza.com/?Arenga-undulatifolia, under
full sun or slight shade)
Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A
Knw_WE7 Picture identification of kelepren (Baccaurea bracteata)
Source: http://www.asianplant.net/
Text
Knw_WE7_Eco Can kelepren tree grow on sandy soil? (Source: Puri 2001, sandy soils) Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A
Knw_WE8 Picture identification of lepou (Baccaurea lanceolata)
Source: http://www.asianplant.net/
Text
Knw_WE8_Eco Where does the lepou fruit grow on the tree? (Source:
http://www.asianplant.net/Phyllanthaceae/Baccaurea_lanceolata.htm, bark of tree)
Text
Knw_WE9 Picture identification ofhulung (Eugeissona utilis)
Source:http://www.pacsoa.org.au/wiki/Eugeissona_utilis
Text
Knw_WE9_Eco Can hulung tree grow on slopes? (Source: Puri 2001, poor soil, ridge tops, slopes) Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A
Knw_WE10 Picture identification of riu (Garcinia laterifolia)
Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/23942469@N08/2273088488/
Text
Knw_WE10_Eco Does riu grow on high mountain? (Source: Puri 2001, lowland and hill primary forest 2000m) Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A
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Sources: In the Wild Edibles Knowledge Test of Indonesia
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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Wild Edibles Skills Test
Tbl_Wild Edibles Skills
Variable Code Question Format
Sk_WE1_harv_last When was the last time you harvested torai? 1: Yesterday
2: Within the last week
3: Within the last month
4: Last harvesting season
5: Between 2-5 harvesting seasons ago
6. More than 5 harvesting seasons ago
7: Never
Sk_WE1_harv How did you harvest torai? Text
Sk_WE2_harv_last When was the last time you harvested mesalin? 1: Yesterday
2: Within the last week
3: Within the last month
4: Last harvesting season
5: Between 2-5 harvesting seasons ago
6. More than 5 harvesting seasons ago
7: Never
Sk_WE2_harv How did you harvest mesalin? Text
Sk_WE3_harv_last When was the last time you harvested buno? 1: Yesterday
2: Within the last week
3: Within the last month
4: Last harvesting season
5: Between 2-5 harvesting seasons ago
6. More than 5 harvesting seasons ago
7: Never
Sk_WE3_harv How did you harvest buno? Text
Sk_WE4_harv_last When was the last time you harvested bua abung? 1: Yesterday
2: Within the last week
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Variable Code Question Format
3: Within the last month
4: Last harvesting season
5: Between 2-5 harvesting seasons ago
6. More than 5 harvesting seasons ago
7: Never
Sk_WE4_harv How did you harvest bua abung? Text
Sk_WE5_harv_last When was the last time you harvested va’it? 1: Yesterday
2: Within the last week
3: Within the last month
4: Last harvesting season
5: Between 2-5 harvesting seasons ago
6. More than 5 harvesting seasons ago
7: Never
Sk_WE5_harv How did you harvest va’it? Text
Sk_WE6_harv_last When was the last time you harvested oro jema? 1: Yesterday
2: Within the last week
3: Within the last month
4: Last harvesting season
5: Between 2-5 harvesting seasons ago
6. More than 5 harvesting seasons ago
7: Never
Sk_WE6_harv How did you harvest oro jema? Text
Sk_WE7_harv_last When was the last time you harvested kelepren? 1: Yesterday
2: Within the last week
3: Within the last month
4: Last harvesting season
5: Between 2-5 harvesting seasons ago
6. More than 5 harvesting seasons ago
7: Never
Sk_WE7_harv How did you harvest kelepren? Text
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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Variable Code Question Format
Sk_WE8_harv_last
When was the last time you harvested lepou? 1: Yesterday
2: Within the last week
3: Within the last month
4: Last harvesting season
5: Between 2-5 harvesting seasons ago
6. More than 5 harvesting seasons ago
7: Never
Sk_WE8_harv How did you harvest lepou? Text
Sk_WE9_harv_last When was the last time you harvested oro hulung? 1: Yesterday
2: Within the last week
3: Within the last month
4: Last harvesting season
5: Between 2-5 harvesting seasons ago
6. More than 5 harvesting seasons ago
7: Never
Sk_WE9_harv How did you harvest oro hulung? Text
Sk_WE10_harv_last When was the last time you harvested riu? 1: Yesterday
2: Within the last week
3: Within the last month
4: Last harvesting season
5: Between 2-5 harvesting seasons ago
6. More than 5 harvesting seasons ago
7: Never
Sk_WE10_harv How did you harvest riu? Text
Skill_Sagoo_Last When was the last time you prepared sago out of palms like jema or vulung? 0: never
1: < 1 month ago
2: 2-12 months ago
3: > 1 year ago
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3.3. Medicinal Plants Knowledge & Skills INDONESIA
Tbl _medicinal plants
“Which illnesses can be cured with plant XX?” Collect information for the first 3 mentioned illnesses/symptoms.
1-Kevouan 2-Kecaliu 3-Mecout 4-Kelalai 5-Tata 6-Tevela 7-Upa Lengot 8-Nyaman ula belang 9-Bangi 10-Arau
322105 322103 322113 322112 322106 322088 322046 322117 322123 322171
1. PlantName IllnessName MP_lastuse MP_whogive MP_howprep_1,2,3 MP_howuse MP_harm MP_preg MP_baby MP_ritual
Name of Plant Name of
Illness
When was the
last time you
use plant X to treat illness
XX?
If never “has
someone
given to you the
treatment?”
If yes:
How do you prepare plant X for illness XX?
(tick all the ones mentioned)
In ACCESS, enter into three columns and code using
Tlk_medplantprep)
How do you use it? (write
the way of use) If culture-
specific use not known in “English language”, then
write use in local
indigenous language and explain in notes
In ACCESS, code 1 or 2
Is the
preparation
harmful if taken in
overdoses?
Are pregnant
woman
allowed to take this
preparation?
Are babies and
young children
allowed to take this preparation?
Is there any ritual or
ceremony to be
performed during application?
(abstinence,songs..etc)
. In notes, describe the ritual/practice
Tlk_plants Tlk_illness 0: never 1:<1 month ago
2: 2-12 month
3: over 1 year
idsubjid 0 if nobody
grind boil Mix (plants)
Mix
(others)
e.g. if
mixed with
modern
product
etc)
macerated
burn chew direct use
Internal use (1)
(drink,
eat, smoke, in
the eyes.)
External use (2) (on the skin,
bathe, smoke
out, rub)
Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No
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3.4. Agricultural Knowledge & Skills INDONESIA
Agriculture Knowledge & Skills Test
Variable name Question Format Source
Traditional common PADDY
Knw_Agr_Sp1_Name [Show rice grain Pare Empang] What is the name of this
variety?
Text
Knw_Agr_Sp1_Manag1 Which variety of paddy is more resistant to drought: Pare
Turi, Pare Ubok or PareEmpang?
Text
Knw_Agr_Sp1_Manag2 This year, how many varieties of paddy did you plant in your
field?
Text
Skill_Agr_Sp1_Manag
Which paddy variety is longer to cook: Pare Turi, Pare Ubok
or PareEmpang?
Skill_Agr_Sp1_pic
[Picture of paddy field] Is the harvest of this field going to be
good this year?
Text Original picture LEK
Traditional intermediate TARO
Knw_Agr_Sp2_Name [Picture of taro variety] What is the name of this plant? Text Original picture LEK
Knw_Agr_Sp2_Manag1 For the variety of taro I showed you on the picture, how long
does it take from planting to harvesting?
Text
Knw_Agr_Sp2_Manag2 [Pictures of 3 different varieties]Of these 3 varieties, the stem
of which variety can be eaten?
1/2/3/-9 (multiple answer) Original picture LEK
Skill_Agr_Sp2_Manag1a Do you have taro planted now? Yes/No
Skill_Agr_Sp2_Manag1b If “No”, Have you ever planted taro? Yes/No
Skill_Agr_Sp2_Manag1c When was the last time you planted taro? 1:last year
2: within the last two year
3: within the last 3-5 year
4: over a 5 years ago
5: never
Skill_Agr_Sp2_Pic
[Picture of taro field] Is it a good time to harvest taro based on
this picture?
Text Original picture LEK
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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Variable name Question Format Source
Traditional rare CORN
Knw_Agr_Sp3_Name [Picture of corn] What is the name of this variety? Text Original picture LEK
Knw_Agr_Sp3_Manag1 How many fruit can you get in one plant of Jelai Ubok? Number
Knw_Agr_Sp3_Manag2 For Jelai Ubok, how long does it take from planting to
harvesting?
Text
Skill_Agr_Sp3_Manag1a Do you have corn planted now? Yes/No
Skill_Agr_Sp3_Manag1b If “No”, have you ever planted corn? Yes/No
Skill_Agr_Sp3_Manag1c When was the last time you planted corn? 1:last year
2: within the last two year
3: within the last 3-5 year
4: over a 5 years ago
5: never
Skill_Agr_Sp3_Pic [Picture of corn field] Is the field ready to be harvested? Yes/No Original picture LEK
Modern Common COFFEE
Knw_Agr_Sp4_Name [Show coffee grain] What is the specific name of this variety? Text
Knw_Agr_Sp4_Manag1 Is there anything you can do to get more fruits from a coffee
tree?
Text
Knw_Agr_Sp4_Manag2 Do the young coffee plants grow better with direct sun or under
the shade?
Text
Skill_Agr_Sp4_Manag1 For the coffee plants you have now, did you plant the seedlings
under the sun or under the shade?
Text
Skill_Agr_Sp4_Pic [6 pictures of different coffee fruit on the tree] Which fruit are
ready to be harvest?
1/2/3/4/5/6 (multiple answer) Original picture LEK
Modern intermediate COCOA
Knw_Agr_Sp5_Name [Picture of 2 different cocoa tree, one from Indonesia and one
from Amazon] Which one is grown here?
1 or 2 or -9 http://asiatradingonline.com/cocoa.htm
Knw_Agr_Sp5_Manag1 What do you do to get more cocoa fruit? Text
Knw_Agr_Sp5_Manag2 Have you ever sold cocoa seeds? Yes/No
Skill_Agr_Sp5_Manag1a Do you have cocoa planted now? Yes/No
Skill_Agr_Sp5_Manag1b If “No”, have you ever planted cocoa? Yes/No
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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Variable name Question Format Source
Skill_Agr_Sp5_Manag1c When was the last time you planted cocoa? 1:last year
2: within the last two year
3: within the last 3-5 year
4: over a 5 years ago
5: never
Skill_Agr_Sp5_Pic [Pictures pruned and un-pruned tree] Which of these trees will
give more fruit?
Text LEK original pictures
Modern Rare (RED SMALL) ONION
Knw_Agr_Sp6_Name [Picture of onion plant] What is the specific name of this plant? Text http://www.sorotnews.com/berita/view/masa-
panen-harga-bawang.1498.html
Knw_Agr_Sp6_Manag1 How do you prepare the soil to plant onions? Text
Knw_Agr_Sp6_Manag2 What part of the onion do you plant? Text
Skill_Agr_Sp6_Manag1a Do you have onion planted now? Yes/No
Skill_Agr_Sp6_Manag1b If “No”, have you ever planted onion? Yes/No
Skill_Agr_Sp6_Manag1c If “Yes”, could you harvest some onion? Yes/No
Skill_Agr_Sp6_Manag1d When was the last time you planted onion? 1:last year
2: within the last two year
3: within the last 3-5 year
4: over a 5 years ago
5: never
Skill_Agr_Sp6_Pic [Picture of onion field (with flowers)] Do you harvest the onion
before or after it is flowering like the picture?
Text http://sensiblesurvival.files.wordpress.com/2
011/04/wild2bonion2bflower.jpg
Management
Knw_Agr_Trad_manag_
1
How can you tell the land (soil) is bad for opening a
field/ladang?
Text
Knw_Agr_Trad_manag_
2
What plants can be grown together with cassava? Text
Knw_Agr_Trad_manag_
3
(The Kenyah plant when the moon is bulan awai/full moon),
what is the best moon to plant cassava?
Text
Knw_Agr_Mod_manag_ What is the right dosage to use herbicide (basmilang brand) for Text
Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014
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Variable name Question Format Source
1 paddy?
Knw_Agr_Mod_manag_
2
Do you know any name of fertilizer in Malinau? Text
Knw_Agr_Mod_manag_
3
Do you know the price of 1 kg coffee seed in Malinau? Text