9th American History

Mr. Sparks1920s Crash - 1930s FDREurope: Rise of Dictators

WWII

1920’s Politics & Economy

A REPUBLICAN DECADE

Warren Harding

Calvin Coolidge

Herbert Hoover

Heart Attack “Silent Cal”

1921-1923 1923-1929 1929-1933

1924 Presidential Election

Calvin Coolidge

John W. Davis

Robert La Follette

Progressive Party

“Keep COOL with COOLIDGE”

Anti- Big Business

AFL & Socialists

DOMESTIC POLICY

“The Chief Business of the American People is Business”

Supported Wave of Prosperity CONSUMERISM

Top 200 Companies: 1919 - $43 Billion 1929 - $81 Billion

Per Capita Income:1922 - $6721929 - $857

1928 Presidential Election

Herbert Hoover

Alfred Smith

Continued to Ride Wave of Prosperity

“A chicken in every pot and a car in every garage.”

Problems with Prosperity

Uneven Prosperity

1929: 0.1% pop. - $100,000 or More34% of Savings

71% pop.- less than $2,500 80% - NO SAVINGS

Living Paycheck to Paycheck Installment plans = debt

Personal Debt

Supply and Demand

Ford has to cut back on production:-labor cuts-Impacts other industries as well.

Speculation in the Stock Market

John Raskob

“Everybody Ought to be RICH!”

BULL Market

Market Value of Stocks: 1925 - $27 Billion 1928 - $38 Billion 1929 - $87 Billion

* Unquestioned faith in the bull market helped lead to the Great Depression!

Some people began to buy stocks on margin, which is similar to installment buying.

Businesses need $ to survive = loans from banks. People panic and withdraw their entire savings. Banks go bankrupt. Business can’t get loans, leads to more layoffs. Banks don’t have your money anymore, and now you don’t have a job either.

1932 ElectionHoover runs for re-election.

However, he is blamed for the crash and the poor economy (scape-goat).

Franklin Delano Roosevelt wins the election and creates a “New Deal” to get the US out of the depression. WWII ends the depression, not the New Deal.

1933-1945

Mr. Sparks 9th American HistoryFDR End of WWII

FDR Elected President 1932-1945

The New Deal

• A series of government created projects designed to provide jobs as well as to create and improve infrastructure while providing stability in the economy.

• Often referred to as “Alphabet Soup”

– Student PPT Projects (FDIC, CCC, AAA)

What Was the New Deal?Series of govt. legislation during FDR’s termsthat transformed the role of govt. inthe lives of Americans.1st step: Get rid of Prohibition!

Deficit Spending: Practice of spending moneythat doesn’t exist to stimulate the economy.

How does FDR battle the Depression?FDR fights to end people panicking. Begins “Fireside

Chats” over the radio to do this.

The NRA: National Recovery AdministrationUses Blue Eagle as mascot. Allowed price fixing andbusiness mixes closer to government “advice.”

The goal of the NRA is to show America that the govt. is doing something!

The CCC: Civilian Conservation Corps.Puts people to work replanting trees, weeding farmscreating irrigation, building parks

TVA: Tennessee Valley AuthorityCreates modernization program in poor rural areasof Tennessee. Hydro electrical dams built. Govt. creates jobs where private business used to.Seen as socialism.

“Take a method and try it. If it fails, try another.”

-- FDR

What were the drawbacks to the New Deal?1. Govt. becomes bigger, therefore more expensive2. No immediate results, no major drop in unemployment3. AAA (Agricultural Agency) paid farmers not to farm4. Creates an air of entitlement: people get something for nothing which exists today

Did the New Deal Work?Unemployment barely dipped below 10%Dust Bowl made things worseBiggest impact: Psychological. Gave back optimismto the people.

What did FDR accomplish in his first term?1932-1936

1. Calmed the public down & kept faith in govt.2. Expanded the govt. 3. Allowed the democratic process to survive

instead of pushed aside as Hitler wasdoing in Germany

How Did the Great Depression Bring Hitler to Power?

The Dawes Plan: Charles C. Dawes, US economist comes up with plan to help ease German war repayments after WW I.

Germany was forced to pay$32 billion to US, England & France after WW I. -Germany owes $$ to France & Britain.-France & Britain owe $$ to the USSo…-The US loans $$ to Germany to pay France & Britain. France & Britain then pay back the US.What are the pros/cons of the Dawes Plan?

Meet the DictatorsSoviet Union

Italy

Germany

Totalitarian Government

• Totalitarian rule:– exerting total control over a nation – dominates every aspect of life in that country– power derived from the destruction of individuals– those who disagree are silenced, beaten, killed

Fascism• Fascism

– system of government marked by stringent social and economic control, a strong, centralized government usually headed by a dictator, and often a policy of belligerent nationalism

– emphasizes the importance of a nation, or ethnic group, and the supreme authority of a leader

• Fascist Dictators– Adolf Hitler (Germany)– Benito Mussolini (Italy)

Germany

Year 1932 Fascist

Leader Adolf Hitler – “Mein Kampf”

Supporters Nazi Party – “brownshirts”

Postwar Problems Hit by DepressionPeople living in poverty

Reasons for Public Support

Inflation, unemploymentEconomic depressionUnhappiness with Treaty of Versailles – appealed to citizens’ feelings of humiliation

Italy

Year 1922 Fascist

Leader Benito Mussolini

Supporters Fascist Party – “blackshirts”

Postwar Problems Strikes, riotsEconomic problems

Reasons for Public Support

High unemploymentDissatisfaction with terms of Treaty of VersaillesMussolini – WWI Veteran

Spain

Year 1939

Leader Francisco Franco

Supporters Fascist Party (Nationalists)

Postwar Problems Civil war – (ends in 1939)Nationalists backed by Germans; Republicans backed by SovietsLabor strikes

Reasons for Public Support

Liberal reforms in 1931 constitutionIntimidation

German supports Spain. Italy and Germany support each other. As a result of this new government, and the previous Civil War in Spain, Spain will not play a large factor in WWII.

Japan

Year 1926 Emperor Hirohito Semi-divine

1941-1944 Hideki Tojo Prime Minister

Leader Military Leaders

Supporters Militarists

Postwar Problems Needed natural resources to modernize

Reasons for Public Support

Worsening economic problems

Emperor Hirohito

Hideki Tojo

Communism• Communism– A system of government based on the idea that all goods

and land are owned by the society as a whole. The good of the community is placed above the good of the individual.

• Although they share some similarities, communist and fascist leaders have historically been enemies

-A Revolution is often needed. (Too much power held by too few)

-Old ideas must be removed.-All must move forward, or none move forward (equality)-For true communism to work, it must spread throughout the

world (Domino Effect). (Cold War, Korean War, Vietnam)

Soviet Union

Year 1924

Leader Stalin

Supporters Communists

Postwar Problems Economic failurePeople starving

Reasons for Public Support

Reign of TerrorGreat Purge

Soviet UnionUnion of Soviet Socialist Republic

USSR

• Joseph Stalin– Took over after Lenin died

(Lenin more moderate)– 1924 “One great leap forward” – a vicious brand of communism, reworked

economy– Like fascism, communism relies on a strong

dictator, and does not represent or preserve individual rights or freedoms (Big Brother, 1984)

Red= Blood of the revolution (Workers/Farmers)Hammer= tools of the workers (Urban/Industry).Sickle = tools of the peasant (Agriculture).Star = Represents the Communist Party

China, Cuba, Laos, North Korea, Vietnam

Stalin’s Economic Plan

• “Collectivization campaign” 5 year plan– Convert small family farms to huge, gov’t controlled

plots • Belligerent Nationalism

–Faced with resistance, Stalin reacted:• forcing the poor off their lands• confiscating the food they produced• Sending millions to labor camps in Siberia

–Agricultural production fell, forced rationing

Stalin’s Economic Plan (cont.)

• Also pursued rapid industrialization– Assigned millions of laborers from rural areas to build

and run new industrial centers– All government money flowed into goods like:

• Iron, steel, oil, and coal… not into housing clothing, consumer goods

• Resulted in shortages of essential products• Standard of living plummeted

– Despite troubles, by 1940, Stalin was successful• The Soviet Union was a modern industrial power

Stalin’s Reign of Terror

• Political Domination via purges– “Purified” the Communist Party by removing

opponents and anyone else he believed to be a threat to his power or ideas

• Great Purge of 1939– Stalin’s agents arrested >7 million people– >1 million executed, millions of others in camps– Purges successfully eliminated any resistance

Fascism in Italy

• Benito Mussolini– “Il Duce,” the leader– Fought and injured in WWI– Believed the Versailles treaty deprived Italy– Charismatic speaker, found supporters– Formed the revolutionary Fascist party, 1919

Fascism in Italy• Organized gangs of fascists

developed around Italy– Vowed to end Italy’s economic problems– Blackshirts – thugs who control the opposition

• By 1922, Mussolini had built so much power, he threatened to march on Rome– The king of Italy panicked and appointed him

prime minister

Fascism in Italy

• Goal 1: to improve economic conditions– suspended elections, outlawed other political

parties– Established a dictatorship– Firm control improved Italy’s economy

• Other European nations commend him!

Fascism in Italy• Goal 2: to build an empire

– Dreams of a new Roman empire (Wants to control the Mediterranean Sea )

– Fascist slogan: “A country is nothing without conquest”• 1935, Italy invades Ethiopia

– Overpowered Ethiopian resistance– Ethiopian emperor fled

• Other European nations horrified!

Ethiopia backfires: Europe turns its back on Mussolini & Italy. Mussolini sees Hitler as his only ally and begins dealing with him.

Europe, Africa, Asia, Middle East

Hitler’s Rise to Power• Served in WWI (wounded)

• Furious with Germany’s part in the Versailles treaty– Stripped Germany of land and colonies– Huge burden of debt for war damage in Fr, Bel,

GB– War-guilt clause which blamed Germany for

starting WWI

The Nazi Party• 1919, Hitler joins the National

Socialist German Workers’ Party, or Nazi Party– Fascism with German Nationalism and Racial

Superiority

• Hitler becomes leader of Nazi Party– Powerful, fanatical public speaker– Focus on German’s national humiliation drew support

• Failed attempt to overthrow German Gov’t– Hitler imprisoned, authors “Mein Kampf”

“Mein Kampf”

• “My Struggle,” composed in prison

• Outlined Nazi philosophy– His views on Germany’s problems

• Blamed minorities for weakening Germany– Notably, Jewish

• Called for purification of the Aryan Race– Removal of undesirable races = mass extermination / genocide

Germany turns to Hitler• Great Depression hits Germany, 1930’s• Nazi Party promises

– National respect– economic stabilization– restored empire

• 1932 elections, Hitler loses to Paul von Hindenburg– Hindenburg makes Hitler chancellor, head of German

gov’t• Hitler as chancellor

– Ends freedom of speech, – Violently silences critics using brownshirts, Nazi thugs

Goal: Get Hitleras much control ofthe govt. until Hindenburg dies.

What happened?

The Reichstagburns to the groundafter “communists”apparently torch it…

Hitler is made Chancellor of Germany Jan. 30, 1933

Feb. 1933: Reichstag burns. The Nazis did it but it is a wayto blame & get rid of communists

Hitler declares state of emergency and and getsnew laws passed giving him unlimited power andability to get rid of any opposition.

1934: The SA has become too bigand too uncontrollable. Rohm is becoming rebellious.

Hitler needs the army, butArmy hates Rohm & SA.

Either Hitler gets rid ofSA or army will get rid of Hitler.

Hindenburg dies Aug. 2nd 1934.Hitler combines offices of Chancellorand President. Army allows this inexchange for rearming it.

The Third Reich has officially begun…

Hitler makes all soldiers take oath of loyalty to HIM not the army or govt.! He is called Fuhrer.

1935: Announces he ismaking a new air force just tosee what happens.

Nothing does.

So…then he announces heis beefing up army from 100,000men to 500,000.Nothing happens.THEN says he is rebuilding Navywith subs! Britain says OK withsome restrictions.

• 1936• Nuremburg Party Rally

– Adolf Hitler leads 180,000 in an “Oath to Germany”– Banners, flags, spotlights, stages– Grand spectacles essential to building power.

– Increased size of the military– Rebuilds Navy including U-BOATS– Builds tanks and develops new weapons (V-2

Rocket)* Most importantly, he re-establishes PRIDE in

Germany in the form of Nationalism.

1938 Man of the Year

Why Did He Hate the Jews?

Myth: Blamed Jewish doctor for Klara’s painful death from breast cancer. (Adolf’s mother)

Fact: - Possibly 1/4 Jewish himself- Racial influences in Vienna (Austria)- Rejection from Vienna Academy- Racial purity

What about the Swastika?

Ancient symbol: Hinduism/Buddhism Hitler equates with racialsuperiority and sign ofupcoming race war

Begins Hitler’s racialpolicies against Jews.

Germany retaliates for Germanambassador assassinated byJewish gunman. Jewish shopsboycotted, synagogues burned,people humiliated.

- Sept. 1, 1939: Nazis invade Poland- June, 1940: France Falls- July, 1940: Battle of Britain- June, 1941: Barbarossa- Nov., 1941: FDR & Churchill meet- Dec. 1941: Pearl Harbor

START OF WWII: EUROPE

The same routine is followed:- Create tension- Make unrealistic demands- Start an “incident”- Send in troops to “stop incident”- Occupy territory

Hitler’s Quest for New Territory

Germany invades Poland Sept. 1, 1939 England declares war to Hitler’s surprise.WW II has begun…

What was going on in the US?- FDR declares US as neutral but watching carefully.- States allied nations may buy materiel in cash &

transport on their own ships- FDR downplays US entering the war. “Europe’s fight”

- Poland invaded. England & France mobilize- Nazis use BLITZKRIEG to invade Poland.

Blitzkrieg: Lightning war. Strategy is to hit hard & fast before enemy can hit back.

Poland falls in less than 4 weeks.Hitler tries to backpedal withBritain saying he will invadeno more.

England doesn’t buy it.

USSR secretlycarves up Polandwith Nazis

SS forms special squads calledEinsatzgruppen. Kill all threatsto German occupation: intelligentsia,Jews, resistors.Death camps begin constructionin Poland

Holocaust“Sacrifice by Fire”

Hitler knows he must fight the West.Will revamp old Schliefen Plan intothe Manstein Plan while England readies.

Manstein Plan: Hit France firstover Ardennes Mts. while planning fake attack in Belgium.

The Maginot Line:Defensive fence built byFrance to keep Germanyfrom invading again.

1940: USSR invades Finland. Hitler sends troops to Norway and Denmark toprotect allied foothold.

Britain beatsGermany in Norway but Germanytakes Denmark.

By Feb. of 1940 Chamberlain resigns afterloss of Denmarkand Norway.

Bad for Hitler becausethis paves the way for…

WINSTON CHURCHILL

Winston Spencer Churchill

Former Admiral of NavyVeteran of Boer War

Heavy DrinkerCigar SmokerProne to depressionStrong, arrogant & Hitler’sworst nightmare

Becomes British Prime Minister1940 after Chamberlain resigns

British & French Forcesare pushed to the sea by Nazi advance tobeaches ofDunkirk!

Dunkirk

British &French

Hitler orders his tanks & army to halt!Churchill takes the chance and ordersgiant evacuation of all troops! Sendsevery boat possible from Englandto rescue 400,000 men!

Hitler’s first mistake of the war: He let theBritish & French escape from Dunkirk!

The Miracle of Dunkirk:May, 1940. Allied forces trapped by Nazis in Belgium.

Hitler smashes into France. French forces are crumbling. Within 9 weeks Germany is Paris and France sues for peace…WW I haunts them.

French resistance force led byGen. Charles DeGaulle escapes to North Africa.

France is divided and humiliated by Hitler.Northern half is occupied France. Southernhalf is Vichy France. Wants to show England he isgenerous…

Operation Sea Lion: Invade England.Goering wants Luftwaffe to soften up Britain before invading. Must knock out the Royal Air Force

(RAF)

The Blitz: All out air attack of England in fall of 1940. holds off the Nazis!

Hitler’s 2nd Mistake: Bombed useless cities

instead of strategic airfields and factories!

What was the Lend-Lease Act?US will “lend” old battleships and weaponsto England in exchange for bases in Iceland and payment later.

England is close to bankruptcy. They NEED this!FDR is a master of making complex things seem simple.Lend-Lease gets through to Congress.

What did the US “lend” to Britain?”Old tanks, airplanes, weapons, ships.

FDR calls up the draft “just in case”.

“If England falls, the United States will be staring down the barrel of a loaded gun.”

-- FDR in his Fireside Chat to the People

FDR slowly conditions Americans to get ready for war he knows is coming…

1937: US bans all sale of scrap iron and oilto Japan after US gunboat is accidentallybombed by Japanese in China.

By 1941 after Japan invades Indochina,this includes gasoline.

Japan is upset. A new military leader,Hideki Tojo has taken over the Japanese govt.

Hitler fears Russia willtry to grab too much land.Doesn’t trust Russia. Feels time is right to attack

Russia!

Hitler turns attention from Britain toRussia. Feels if Russia fallsEngland will cave in with fear.

- Sept. 1, 1939: Nazis invade Poland- June, 1940: France Falls- July, 1940: Battle of Britain- June, 1941: Barbarossa- Nov., 1941: FDR & Churchill meet- Dec. 1941: Pearl Harbor

The Nazi invasion of Russia. June 22, 1941.Why did Hitler invade Russia?Thought it would scare Britain into surrender.Stalin believes the invasion is a mistake.Hitler believes it will be over by October.Stalin turns to Allies. FDR extends Lend-Lease to Soviet Union.

2 Things Screw Up Barbarossa:1. Hitler has to bail Mussolini out of Greece2. Yugoslavia turns its back on Hitler & he sends

troops to crush it.Both of these delayed the invasion by months!Nov., 1941: Snow halts Nazi’s 30 miles from Moscow. 55 degrees below zero.

December 7th, 1941

Japan wants oil fields ofIndochina. Attacks Vietnam andother East Asian countries.US froze all assets & banned all oil, gas & scrap iron sales to Japan.

Dec. 7th, 1941: Pearl Harbor, HawaiiSurprise dawn raid with air and mini subs.Majority of US fleet are old battleships and aredestroyed. 2000 killed. 710 wounded.

Results of Pearl Harbor:US abandons isolationismGermany declares war on US next day!US enters into a 2 front war….

France

What was the Atlantic Wall?Series of fortifications on beaches of Franceto keep out invasion attempts.

Nazis are surrounded at Stalingrad. Hitler enraged.World sees Nazis are not invincible.

Russia: 1942-1943Germans are pushed back. Lose Stalingrad.Stalin uses surprise 5 million men from Siberiaand mounts new offensive.

Churchill and FDR meet inAfrica and Cairo to talkabout a 2nd Front in Europe. Stalin wants one.

What were the Nazi “Miracle Weapons?”- Atomic Weapons?- Jet Engines- V (Vengeance) Rockets

Albert Einstein Sends his famous letter to FDR.

So Where Did the Allies Land First?

Italy! 3 successful invasions start with taking of Sicily.Hitler sends in German troops to resist.

Italians losing heart for the war. Mussolini haspuppet govt. in N. Italy but it is weak.

“The Italians never lose a war no matter what sidethey are on because they are always on the winning side in the end…”

-- Hitler’s remarks on Italian resolve.

Italy declares war on Germany Sept. 9, 1943

New Italian PresidentBadaglio

Operation OverlordJune 6, 1944

Hitler realizes there will be a major invasion of Europe now. Calls Rommel home from Africa and Italy to stop it.

Allies will invadefrom England acrossEnglish Channelinto Britain.

Where will D-Dayhappen? Hitlerbelieves at Calais,shortest distancebetween Englandand France…

England

France

Belgium

Holland

English Channel

D-Day will focus on invading Hitler’s Atlantic Wall.D-Day means “zero hour”. It does NOT meanDoomsday. It is simply a term for time of attack. D = day, H = Hour

Rommel believesit will happen atNormandy.

Hitler refuses tobelieve this.

England

France

Belgium

Holland

English Channel

Operation Overlord:Largest amphibious assault to this time.4000 invasion ships, 600 warships10,000 planes, 175,000 men

Normandy divided into 5 beaches:Gold& Swordfish: BritishJuno: CanadaOmaha & Utah: US

June 6th, 1944:Begins after midnight.Fake attack at Calais butmajor thrust is Normandy

The July, 1944 Plot: Operation ValkyrieGoal: Kill HitlerWho’s Involved? Top Nazi Brass including Rommel!Does it work? No.

Gen. Klaus von Stauffenburg onday of plot…

Survival of assassinations convinces Hitler he is destined to win. BringsMussolini to see the damage…

Mussolini caught with mistress trying to flee Italy.It ain’t pretty… shot, publicly hung upside-down, spit on, humiliated.

The Big 3 at YaltaNear Crimea (Russia)

The nation grieves for a president it had for 12 years…

April 12, 1945: FDR dies of cerebral hemorrhage at Warm Springs, GAwith Lucy Mercer with him. Hitler and Goebbels rejoice.

Harry Truman,FDR’s VP fromMO is sworn inas President…April 12, 1945.

FDR hoped to raise a Dime from every American for Polio Research

US and Russian troops meet at the Elbe River. Germany split in half. Ike allows Russians to take Berlin for revenge. COLD WAR Foreshadowing

Hitler orders all factories & utilities destroyed. Scorched earth. Speer disobeys orders and prevents total destruction…

Hitler marries Eva Braun (mistress) and 24 hours later, 4/30/45 kill themselves.

By May, 1945 it is over in Europe. Hitler is dead. Russian, British & US troops occupy all of Germany.

Head of Army Alfred Jodl signs the German surrender May 7, 1945 Victory in Europe (VE) Day

By May, 1945 Germany has surrendered and Japan is teetering on defeat. The US is closing in and bombing Japan on a regular basis,

including massive firebombing.

The US leapfrogs small islands toward the mainland of Japan

WWII: Pacific Theatre &

The Atomic Bomb

By 1944 Japan’s Tojo govt. has fallen. Japan is being firebombed regularly. Harry Truman (US), Josef Stalin (USSR), Winston Churchill (England) meet in Potsdam, Germany.

Truman issues the Potsdam Declaration: Calls for completeJapanese surrender or face total destruction.

President Harry Truman announces that the US has a super weapon. As US gets closer to Japanese main island, Japanese fight harder. What will they do to defend their home?

Iwo JimaFeb-March, 1945

More casualties here than during the Battle of Normandy (D-Day invasion).

Mount Suribachi, Iwo Jima 22,000 Japanese: .9% surrender

The Atomic Bomb project was known as the Manhattan Project.Originated with AlbertEinstein and supervisedby Dr. RobertOppenheimer

Dr. Robert Oppenheimer

Dr. Albert EinsteinOppenheimer and teamtest it July, 1944 at 4:45AM.A success… Remember Einstein’s letter...

2 Bombs created: Fat Man and Little Boy.To be delivered to Pacific by June, 1945 and droppedon Japan.

Hiroshima Vs Nagasaki

• Little Boy• Uranium• Gun Method• 15 kilotons (kt)• August 6, 1945

• Fat Man• Plutonium• Implosion Method• 21 kiloton (kt)• August 9, 1945

1st Atomic Bomb delivered overHiroshima, Japan by US PlaneEnola Gay. August 6, 1945

After Hiroshima, Japanese are told to surrender.They refuse, not believing such aweapon exists.

Nagasaki is bombed 3 days later.Hundreds of thousands dead from the blast andsubsequent radiation poisoning from fallout…

Japanese sign surrender on USS Missouri

- China & USSR suffer perhaps the most- Germany divided into 2 parts: Free and Communistic- Japan loses everything. Army for defense only

& occupied by US even today- 12 million exterminated in Europe by Final Solution

America becomes 1st world superpower

President Truman

REVIEW QUIZ II Operation Sea LionOperation Barbarossa

Operation OverlordOperation ValkyrieManhattan Project

TrinityLittle Boy & Fat Man

[Hiroshima & Nagasaki]VE Day, VJ Day

Winston ChurchillDr. OppenheimerAlbert EinsteinHarry S. TrumanGen. Alfred von Stauffenburg

RAFThe BlitzBlitzkrieg

The HolocaustMaginot Line

Manstein PlanThe Atlantic Wall

Start of WWII -Sept 1, 1939Pearl Harbor Attack -Dec 7, 1941

D-Day Invasion-June 6, 1944