Post on 03-Jun-2018
8/12/2019 45-2009 - Eeesd - Emissions Pnr
1/40
EEESD09, Athens 28-30/09/2009 E. Zervas, Democritus University of Thrace
Non-regulated exhaust
pollutants emitted fromEuropean passenger cars of
different technology
E. Zervas
Department of Environmental Engineering
Democritus University of ThracePresent Address: Greek Open University
8/12/2019 45-2009 - Eeesd - Emissions Pnr
2/40
EEESD09, Athens 28-30/09/2009 E. Zervas, Democritus University of Thrace
1. Why this presentation-1
Passenger cars (PCs) contribute to air pollution,especially to atmospheric quality of urban areas
Passenger cars emit several hundreds of different
pollutants
Some pollutants are dangerous for the human
health (four are toxic), others are dangerous for theenvironment (ozone formation, acid rain, climate
changes,)
8/12/2019 45-2009 - Eeesd - Emissions Pnr
3/40
EEESD09, Athens 28-30/09/2009 E. Zervas, Democritus University of Thrace
1. Why this presentation-2 Some pollutants (the major ones) have regulatory
upper emission limits HC, CO, NOx in the case of petrol PCs (+PM,
NMHC)
HC, CO, NOx, PM in the case of diesel PCs(+particle number)
These limits are valid on specific conditions (driving
cycles) A EU directive is published recently to regulate
future CO2 emissions (which is related to fuel
consumption and is not considered as a pollutant)
8/12/2019 45-2009 - Eeesd - Emissions Pnr
4/40
EEESD09, Athens 28-30/09/2009 E. Zervas, Democritus University of Thrace
1. Why this presentation-3 However, PCs emit several other pollutants, which
are not regulated. The main are: Only total HC are regulated. Benzene and 1,3
butadiene are toxic, CH4 => to climate changes
Only total NOx are regulated (N2O, NO, NO2, NH3) Carbonyl compounds (formaldehyde and
acetaldehyde are toxic)
Sulphur compounds (depend on the S content) Alcohols and ethers (if they are added in the fuel)
Organic acids
PAH and nitro-PAH (some are cancerigenic)
8/12/2019 45-2009 - Eeesd - Emissions Pnr
5/40
EEESD09, Athens 28-30/09/2009 E. Zervas, Democritus University of Thrace
2. Contents of this presentation
Methodology used
New European Driving Cycle Other driving cycles, Real Driving conditions
Current regulations (of regulated pollutants)
Results and discussion Non-regulated pollutants studied
For each NRP, the impact of
fuel emission technology (Euro2, 3, TIEuro4)
mileage
Conclusions
8/12/2019 45-2009 - Eeesd - Emissions Pnr
6/40
EEESD09, Athens 28-30/09/2009 E. Zervas, Democritus University of Thrace
3a. Methodology used
Several NRP are analyzed. They come from
several gasoline and diesel vehicles of different
technology from Euro2 to Euro4.
The emissions obtained on the New European
Driving Cycle
8/12/2019 45-2009 - Eeesd - Emissions Pnr
7/40
EEESD09, Athens 28-30/09/2009 E. Zervas, Democritus University of Thrace
3b. New European Driving CycleTests on chassis dynamometer
8/12/2019 45-2009 - Eeesd - Emissions Pnr
8/40
EEESD09, Athens 28-30/09/2009 E. Zervas, Democritus University of Thrace
3b. New European Driving Cycle
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Time (s)
Speed
(km/h)
Elementary urban cycle
1st part: urban (ECE): 4,052 km 2nd part: extra-urban (EUDC): 6,955 km
Max. speed = 120 km/h
Average speed = 33.6 km/h
Duration = 1 180 s
Distance = 11.007 km
NEDC Cycle
8/12/2019 45-2009 - Eeesd - Emissions Pnr
9/40
EEESD09, Athens 28-30/09/2009 E. Zervas, Democritus University of Thrace
3c. Some other driving cycles,
Japan
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Time (s)
Spped(
km/h)
Max speed = 70 km/h
Average speed = 22,7 km/h
Duration = 660 s
Distance = 4,16 km
10_15 Modes Cycle
8/12/2019 45-2009 - Eeesd - Emissions Pnr
10/40
EEESD09, Athens 28-30/09/2009 E. Zervas, Democritus University of Thrace
3c. Some other driving cycles,
Japan
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Time (s)
Speed(km/h)
Max. speed = 60 km/h
Average speed = 29.1 km/h
Duration = 505 s
Distance = 4 084 km
11 Modes Cycle
8/12/2019 45-2009 - Eeesd - Emissions Pnr
11/40
EEESD09, Athens 28-30/09/2009 E. Zervas, Democritus University of Thrace
3c. Some other driving cycles,
USA
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Time (s)
Speed(k
m/h)
Phase 1: 505 s (5,8 km)
Cold phase
Phase 2: 866 s (6,3 km)
Steady phaseEngine stop closed hood
10 1 min
Phase 3: 505 s (5.8 km)
Warm phase
FTP 72 or LA4 cycle
Max. speed = 91.2 km/h
Average speed = 34.2 km/h
(stop excluded)Duration = 2 479 s
(stop included)
Distance = 17.86 km
Weighting factors:
Phase 1 : 0,43
Phase 2 : 1,00Phase 3 : 0,57
Cycle City or FTP 75
8/12/2019 45-2009 - Eeesd - Emissions Pnr
12/40
EEESD09, Athens 28-30/09/2009 E. Zervas, Democritus University of Thrace
3c. Some other driving cycles,
USA
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Time (s)
Speed(km/h)
Max. speed = 96.4 km/h
Average speed = 77.4 km/h
Duration = 765 s
Distance = 16.5 km
Highway Cycle
8/12/2019 45-2009 - Eeesd - Emissions Pnr
13/40
EEESD09, Athens 28-30/09/2009 E. Zervas, Democritus University of Thrace
3c. Some other driving cycles,
USA
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Time (s)
Speed(k
m/h)
Max. speed = 88 km/hAverage speed = 34.9 km /h
Duration = 594 s
Distance = 5 760 km
SC03 Cycle
8/12/2019 45-2009 - Eeesd - Emissions Pnr
14/40
EEESD09, Athens 28-30/09/2009 E. Zervas, Democritus University of Thrace
3c. Some other driving cycles,
USA
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650
Time (s)
US06 CycleMax. speed = 129 km/h
Average speed = 77.2 km/h
Duration = 600 sDistance = 15.86 km
8/12/2019 45-2009 - Eeesd - Emissions Pnr
15/40
EEESD09, Athens 28-30/09/2009 E. Zervas, Democritus University of Thrace
3d. Real Driving Conditions
Impact of driving cycle
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
PMe
missions(g/km)
PC1
PC2
NEDC
ECE
EUDC
FTP75
Phase-1
Phase-2
Phase-3
11modes
15modes
US06
H
ighway
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
NOxemissions(g/km)
PC1
PC2
NEDC
ECE
EUDC
FTP75
Phase-1
Phase-2
Phase-3
11modes
15modes
US06
Highway
8/12/2019 45-2009 - Eeesd - Emissions Pnr
16/40
EEESD09, Athens 28-30/09/2009 E. Zervas, Democritus University of Thrace
3d. Real Driving Conditions
Exhaust pollutants are measured on the NEDC.NEDC is a driving cycle used for approval tests
(certification) of new passenger cars in EU and is
not representative of real driving conditions
It is not possible to have real world emissions,
only some estimations
8/12/2019 45-2009 - Eeesd - Emissions Pnr
17/40
EEESD09, Athens 28-30/09/2009 E. Zervas, Democritus University of Thrace
3e. Euro regulations-Diesel
Four regulated pollutants
(CO, HC, NOx, PM) HC are indirectly regulated
Particle number will be
introduced from Euro6
Significant decrease in the
case of all pollutants CO is not considered any
more as a major pollutant1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Date (year)
0
1
2
3
Exhau
stconcentr
ation(mg/km
) CONOx
HC+NOx
PMx10
DIESEL
8/12/2019 45-2009 - Eeesd - Emissions Pnr
18/40
EEESD09, Athens 28-30/09/2009 E. Zervas, Democritus University of Thrace
3e. Euro regulations-Petrol
Three regulated pollutants(CO, HC, NOx)
PM and NMHC limits from
Euro5 (PM for DI engines) Significant decrease in the
case of all pollutants
CO is not considered anymore as a major pollutant
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Date (year)
0
1
2
3
Exhau
stconcentr
ation(mg/km
) CONOx
HC+NOx
HC
NMHC
PMx10
PETROL
8/12/2019 45-2009 - Eeesd - Emissions Pnr
19/40
EEESD09, Athens 28-30/09/2009 E. Zervas, Democritus University of Thrace
3f. Non regulated pollutants
examined
Nitrogen compounds (N2O, NH3)
HC families
Some individual HC Carbonyl compounds (total, some individual ones)
PAH, Nitro-PAH (total)
8/12/2019 45-2009 - Eeesd - Emissions Pnr
20/40
EEESD09, Athens 28-30/09/2009 E. Zervas, Democritus University of Thrace
4. Nitrogen compounds4a. N2O
0 40000 80000 120000 160000 200000
Mileage (km)
0
4
8
12
16
20
Exh
austconcentra
tion(mgkm)
0
10
20
30
40
D-E1
D-E2
D-E3
G-E3
G-TIE4
N2O
Diesel
Gasoline
Increase with mileage, D>G
D: no impact of technology
G: decrease with emission technology?
D-E1 D-E2 D-E3 G-E3 G-TI05
0
5
10
15
20
25
Exhaustconcentration(m
gkm) N2O
8/12/2019 45-2009 - Eeesd - Emissions Pnr
21/40
EEESD09, Athens 28-30/09/2009 E. Zervas, Democritus University of Thrace
4. Nitrogen compounds4b. NH3
D-E1 D-E2 D-E3 G-E3 G-TI05
0
10
20
30
Exhaustc
oncentration(mg/km) AMMONIAC
Increase with mileage, G>>D (practically zero
emissions)
D: increase with technologyG: decrease with emission technology?
0 20000 40000 60000 80000
Mileage (km)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Exh
austconcentra
tion(mgkm)
0
5
10
15
20
25
D-E1
D-E2
D-E3
G-E3
G-TIE4
AMMONIAC
Diesel
Gasoline
8/12/2019 45-2009 - Eeesd - Emissions Pnr
22/40
EEESD09, Athens 28-30/09/2009 E. Zervas, Democritus University of Thrace
5. Hydrocarbons families5a. Paraffins (CnH2n+2)
0 20000 40000 60000 80000
Mileage (km)
0
4
8
12
16
Exh
austconcentra
tion(mg/km)
0
10
20
30
40
D-E1
D-E2
D-E3
G-E3
G-TIE4
PARAFFINS
Diesel
Gasoline
G: increase with mileage, G>D
D: independent of technology
G: decrease with emission technology?
D-E1 D-E2 D-E3 G-E3 G-TI05
0
10
20
30
Exhaustc
oncentration(mg/km) PARAFFINS
8/12/2019 45-2009 - Eeesd - Emissions Pnr
23/40
EEESD09, Athens 28-30/09/2009 E. Zervas, Democritus University of Thrace
5. Hydrocarbons families5b. iso-Paraffins (CnH2n+2)
D-E1 D-E2 D-E3 G-E3 G-TI05
0
10
20
30
Exhaustconcentration(m
gkm) i-PARAFFINS
G: increase with mileage, G>>D
D: independent of technology
G: decrease with emission technology?
0 20000 40000 60000 80000
Mileage (km)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Exh
austconcentra
tion(mgkm)
0
10
20
30
D-E1
D-E2
D-E3
G-E3
G-TIE4
i-PARAFFINS
Diesel
Gasoline
8/12/2019 45-2009 - Eeesd - Emissions Pnr
24/40
EEESD09, Athens 28-30/09/2009 E. Zervas, Democritus University of Thrace
5. Hydrocarbons families5c. Alcenes (CnH2n, one double bond)
G: increase with mileage, D>G
D: increase with technologyG: decrease with emission technology?
0 20000 40000 60000 80000
Mileage (km)
0
10
20
30
Exh
austconcentra
tion(mg/km)
0
4
8
12
16
20
D-E1
D-E2
D-E3
G-E3
G-TIE4
ALCENES
Diesel
Gasoline
D-E1 D-E2 D-E3 G-E3 G-TI05
0
10
20
30
Exhaustconcentration(m
gkm) ALCENES
8/12/2019 45-2009 - Eeesd - Emissions Pnr
25/40
EEESD09, Athens 28-30/09/2009 E. Zervas, Democritus University of Thrace
5. Hydrocarbons families5d. Naphthenes (CnH2n, cyclic HC)
G, D: increase with mileage, G>>D
D: decrease with technologyG: decrease with technology?
0 20000 40000 60000 80000
Mileage (km)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Exh
austconcentra
tion(mgkm)
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
D-E1
D-E2
D-E3
G-E3
G-TIE4
NAPHTHENES
Diesel
Gasoline
D-E1 D-E2 D-E3 G-E3 G-TI05
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
Exhaustconcentration(m
g/km) NAPHTHENES
8/12/2019 45-2009 - Eeesd - Emissions Pnr
26/40
EEESD09, Athens 28-30/09/2009 E. Zervas, Democritus University of Thrace
5. Hydrocarbons families5e. Aromatics (aromatic ring)
G, D: increase with mileage, G>>D
D: decrease with technologyG: decrease with technology? (and also fuel)
0 20000 40000 60000 80000
Mileage (km)
0
2
4
6
Exh
austconcentra
tion(mgkm)
0
20
40
60
D-E1
D-E2
D-E3
G-E3
G-TIE4
AROMATICS
Diesel
Gasoline
D-E1 D-E2 D-E3 G-E3 G-TI05
0
10
20
30
40
50
Exhaustc
oncentration(m
gkm) AROMATICS
8/12/2019 45-2009 - Eeesd - Emissions Pnr
27/40
EEESD09, Athens 28-30/09/2009 E. Zervas, Democritus University of Thrace
6. Individual Hydrocarbons
6a. Methane (CH4)
D-E1 D-E2 D-E3 G-E3 G-TI05
0
4
8
12
16
20
Exhaustc
oncentration(m
gkm) METHANE
G: increase with mileage, G>D
D: increase with technology
G: decrease with technology?
0 40000 80000 120000 160000 200000
Mileage (km)
0
4
8
12
16
Exhaustconcentra
tion(mgkm)
0
4
8
12
16
20
D-E1
D-E2
D-E3
G-E3
G-TIE4
METHANE
Diesel
Gasoline
8/12/2019 45-2009 - Eeesd - Emissions Pnr
28/40
EEESD09, Athens 28-30/09/2009 E. Zervas, Democritus University of Thrace
6. Individual Hydrocarbons
6b. Ethylene (C2H4)
G: increase with mileage, D>G
D: decrease with technology
G: decrease with technology?
0 40000 80000 120000 160000 200000
Mileage (km)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Exhaustconcentra
tion(mgkm)
0
2
4
6
8
D-E1
D-E2
D-E3
G-E3
G-TIE4
ETHYLENE
Diesel
Gasoline
D-E1 D-E2 D-E3 G-E3 G-TI05
0
5
10
15
20
25
Exhaustc
oncentration(m
gkm) ETHYLENE
8/12/2019 45-2009 - Eeesd - Emissions Pnr
29/40
EEESD09, Athens 28-30/09/2009 E. Zervas, Democritus University of Thrace
6. Individual Hydrocarbons
6c. Acetylene (C2H2)
0 40000 80000 120000 160000 200000
Mileage (km)
0
2
4
6
8
Exhaustconcentra
tion(mg/km)
0
1
2
3
D-E1
D-E2
D-E3
G-E3
G-TIE4
ACETYLENE
Diesel
Gasoline
No impact of mileage, D>G
D: decrease with technology
G: decrease with technology
D-E1 D-E2 D-E3 G-E3 G-TI05
0
2
4
6
8
Exhaustc
oncentration(mg/km) ACETYLENE
8/12/2019 45-2009 - Eeesd - Emissions Pnr
30/40
EEESD09, Athens 28-30/09/2009 E. Zervas, Democritus University of Thrace
6. Individual Hydrocarbons
6d. 1,3 Butadiene (C2H6)
D-E1 D-E2 D-E3 G-E3 G-TI05
0
1
2
3
Exhaustc
oncentration(
mg/km) 1,3-BUTADIENE
Decrease with mileage, D>G
D: decrease with technology
G: decrease with technology
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000
Mileage (km)
0
1
2
3
Exhaustconcentra
tion(mg/km)
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
D-E1
D-E2
D-E3
G-E3
G-TIE4
1,3 BUTADIENE
Diesel
Gasoline
8/12/2019 45-2009 - Eeesd - Emissions Pnr
31/40
EEESD09, Athens 28-30/09/2009 E. Zervas, Democritus University of Thrace
6. Individual Hydrocarbons
6e. Benzene (C6H6)
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000
Mileage (km)
0
1
2
3
4
Exhaustconcentra
tion(mg/km)
0
2
4
6
8
D-E1
D-E2
D-E3
G-E3
G-TIE4
BENZENE
Diesel
Gasoline
Increase with mileage
G>D
D, ,G : decrease with technology
D-E1 D-E2 D-E3 G-E3 G-TI05
0
2
4
6
Exhaustc
oncentration(
mg/km) BENZENE
8/12/2019 45-2009 - Eeesd - Emissions Pnr
32/40
EEESD09, Athens 28-30/09/2009 E. Zervas, Democritus University of Thrace
6. Individual Hydrocarbons
6f. Toluene (C7H8)
D-E1 D-E2 D-E3 G-E3 G-TI05
0
5
10
15
20
25
Exhaustc
oncentration(mg/km) TOLUENE
Increase with mileage, G>>D
D, G: decrease with technology (in the case of
SI engines, also from the decrease of
aromatics in the fuel)
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000
Mileage (km)
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
Exh
austconcentration(mg/km)
0
10
20
30
D-E1
D-E2
D-E3
G-E3
G-TIE4
TOLUENE
Diesel
Gasoline
C b l d
8/12/2019 45-2009 - Eeesd - Emissions Pnr
33/40
EEESD09, Athens 28-30/09/2009 E. Zervas, Democritus University of Thrace
7. Carbonyl compounds
7a. Total
0 40000 80000 120000 160000
Mileage (km)
0
20
40
60
Exhaustconcentra
tion(mgkm)
0
1
2
3
4
5
D-E1
D-E2
D-E3
G-E3
G-TIE4
CARBONYL COMPOUNDS
Diesel
Gasoline
Independent of mileage
D>>G
D, G: significant decrease with technology
D-E1 D-E2 D-E3 G-E3 G-TI05
0
20
40
60
Exhaustc
oncentration(mgkm) CARBONYL COMPOUNDS
7 C b l d
8/12/2019 45-2009 - Eeesd - Emissions Pnr
34/40
EEESD09, Athens 28-30/09/2009 E. Zervas, Democritus University of Thrace
7. Carbonyl compounds
7b. Formaldehyde (HCHO)Earlier technologies: increase with mileage
Newer technologies: decrease with mileage
D>>G
D, G: significant decrease with technology
0 40000 80000 120000 160000
Mileage (km)
0
10
20
30
40
Exhaustconcentration(mgkm)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
D-E1
D-E2
D-E3
G-E3
G-TIE4
FORMALDEHYDE
Diesel
Gasoline
D-E1 D-E2 D-E3 G-E3 G-TI05
0
10
20
30
40
Exhaustc
oncentration(mgkm) FORMALDEHYDE
7 C b l d
8/12/2019 45-2009 - Eeesd - Emissions Pnr
35/40
EEESD09, Athens 28-30/09/2009 E. Zervas, Democritus University of Thrace
7. Carbonyl compounds
7c. Acetaldehyde (CH3CHO)
D-E1 D-E2 D-E3 G-E3 G-TI05
0
4
8
12
Exhaustc
oncentration(mgkm) ACETALDEHYDE
Earlier technologies: independent of mileage
Newer technologies: increase with mileage
D>>GD, G: significant decrease with technology
0 40000 80000 120000 160000
Mileage (km)
0
4
8
12
Ex
haustconcentration(mgkm)
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
D-E1
D-E2
D-E3
G-E3
G-TIE4
ACETALDEHYDE
Diesel
Gasoline
7 C b l d
8/12/2019 45-2009 - Eeesd - Emissions Pnr
36/40
EEESD09, Athens 28-30/09/2009 E. Zervas, Democritus University of Thrace
7. Carbonyl compounds
7d. Acroleine (CH2CHCHO)
0 40000 80000 120000 160000
Mileage (km)
0
1
2
3
4
Ex
haustconcentration(mg/km)
0
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
D-E1
D-E2
D-E3
G-E3
G-TIE4
ACROLEINE
Diesel
Gasoline
Earlier technologies: independent of mileage
Newer technologies: increase with mileage
D>>GD, G: significant decrease with technology
D-E1 D-E2 D-E3 G-E3 G-TI05
0
1
2
3
4
Exhaustc
oncentration(mgkm) ACROLEINE
8 P l li A ti d
8/12/2019 45-2009 - Eeesd - Emissions Pnr
37/40
EEESD09, Athens 28-30/09/2009 E. Zervas, Democritus University of Thrace
8. Polycyclic Aromatic compounds
8a. Total
D-E1 D-E2 D-E3 G-E3 G-TI05
0
5
10
15
20
25
Exhaustc
oncentration(g/km) PAH (PM)
Decrease with mileage
D>>G
D: significant decrease with technology
0 20000 40000 60000 80000
Mileage (km)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Ex
haustconcentr
ation(g/km)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
D-E1
D-E2
D-E3
G-E3
G-TIE4
PAH (PM)
Diesel
Gasoline
9 Nitro-Polycyclic Aromatic
8/12/2019 45-2009 - Eeesd - Emissions Pnr
38/40
EEESD09, Athens 28-30/09/2009 E. Zervas, Democritus University of Thrace
9. Nitro Polycyclic Aromatic
compounds9a. Total
D-E1 D-E2 D-E3 G-E3 G-TI05
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
Exhaustc
oncentration(g/km) Nitro-PAH (PM)
D: Decrease with mileage
D>>G
D: independent of technology
5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
Mileage (km)
0
1
2
3
Ex
haustconcentr
ation(g/km)
0
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
0.2
D-E1
D-E2
D-E3
G-E3
G-TIE4
Nitro-PAH (PM)
Diesel
Gasoline
8/12/2019 45-2009 - Eeesd - Emissions Pnr
39/40
EEESD09, Athens 28-30/09/2009 E. Zervas, Democritus University of Thrace
Conclusions Exhaust emissions of Non-Regulated Pollutants is
a quite complex phenomenonAnalysis is quite complicated (very low
concentrations, repeatability problems)
The impact of mileage is not always evident In many cases there is a clear and significant
decrease of exhaust emissions with technology
In many other there is no clear tendencyA high number of tests is necessary to clarify the
above tendencies (high cost)
Non regulated exhaust pollutants
8/12/2019 45-2009 - Eeesd - Emissions Pnr
40/40
EEESD09, Athens 28-30/09/2009 E. Zervas, Democritus University of Thrace
Non-regulated exhaust pollutants
emitted from European passengercars of different technology
I thank you for your attention