尿 石 症 Urinary Stone Disease

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尿 石 症 Urinary Stone Disease. 瑞金医院泌尿外科. Urinary Calculi. The 3 rd most common affliction of the urinary tract. Exceeded only by urinary tract infections and pathologic conditions of the prostate. Epidemiology. Surrouding enviroment : natural, social - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of 尿 石 症 Urinary Stone Disease

尿 石 症Urinary Stone Disease

瑞金医院泌尿外科

Urinary Calculi

• The 3rd most common affliction of the urinary tract.

• Exceeded only by urinary tract infections and pathologic conditions of the prostate.

Epidemiology

• Surrouding enviroment : natural, social

• Internal agents : racial inheritance , nutrition , metabolic abnormalities ( cystine , oxalate , calcium&phosphate , uric acid ), acquired diseases ( hyperpara-thyroidism , hypercorticosteronism , gout ), medicines

Stone Formation

• Mechanism :• Only partly identified :

metabolic , infectious

• Most : unknown

Stone Formation

• Requires---supersaturated urine

• ( 1 ) ionic strength

• ( 2 ) urinary PH

• ( 3 ) solute concentration

• ---decrease of inhibitor

Stone Formation

• Anatomical abnormalities

• Urinary infection

• Abnormal calcium&phosphate transfer in renal epithelial cells

Stone Formation

• Nucleation theory: stones originate from crystals or foreign bodies immersed in supersaturated urine.

• Crystal inhibitor theory: calculi form owing to the absence or low concentration of natural stone inhibitors—magnesium, citrate, pyrophosphate( 焦磷酸盐 ), acid glycoprotein

Stone Component

• Crystal : oxalate , phosphate , uric

acid & urate , cystine , xanthine

• Matrix : organic principle 42%~84% , ( 1 )致密的纤维状基质构成同心层(concentric lamina) 结构;( 2 )不定形基质构成凝胶状结构

尿结石晶体成分

尿结石晶体成分

尿结石晶体成分

尿结石晶体成分

尿结石晶体• 密度 : 高 低 草酸钙 磷酸钙 磷酸镁铵 胱氨酸 尿酸

• 硬度 : 高 低 磷酸钙 草酸钙 尿酸 胱氨酸 磷酸镁胺 结石愈硬越易击碎

Ureteral stone protruded from the left ureteral orifice

Single calcium oxalate calculus

Multiple calcium oxalate calculi

Multiple uric acid calculi

Pathophysiology

• Primary pathological changes : renal tubular

lesions , production of stone

matrix , formation of Randall plaques ( 肾钙斑 ).

• Secondary pathological changes : local

mechanical damage , urinary

obstruction , infections , stones combining

with polyps or malignancies.

Clinical Features(Stones at upper urinary tract)

• Pain:

• Renal colic– stretching of the collecting

system or ureter.

• Noncolicky renal pain-- distension of the

renal capsule.

Clinical Features(Stones at upper urinary tract)

• Hematuria

• Infection– pyonephrosis, xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis

• Associated fever

• Nausea & vomiting

Diagnosis

• History

• Lab Tests : urinalysis , urine culture , serum calcium,phosphate&uric acid , BUN &creatinine

• Radiological investigations :KUB+IVU , ultrasound , CT , retrograde urography

• Endoscopy

IVP

Retrograde Urography

MRU

Renal Calculi

Renal Calculi

Renal Calculi

Renal Calculus

肾结石二维 B 型超声影像图

Ureteral Calculus

输尿管结石二维 B 型超声影像图

Treatment

• Conservative observation : most ureteral calculi pass and do not require interventions.

• Conservative therapy: plenty of water intake, diet, infection control, adjustment of urine PH

• Cystine calculi——alkalinize urine ( PH>7.8 ),D-pencillamine( 青霉胺 ) , -MPG(mercaptopropyonyl glycine) 巯丙基甘氨酸

the traditional Chinese medicine

• 排石冲剂(颗粒):含关木通 (caulis) 成分,内有马兜铃酸 (Aristolochic Acid) ,具备肾毒性。

• 复方金钱草 (lysimachia) 冲剂

Treatment

• Extracoporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy,

ESWL (体外冲击波碎石)• Endoscopic surgery :• Ureteroscopic ( 输尿管镜 ) stone extraction

• PCNL (Percutaneous nephroscopic

lithotripsy)

• Open surgery: pyelolithotomy,

nephrolithotomy, ureterolithotomy

硬性输尿管镜 软性输尿管镜

钬 激 光 碎 石

开放手术

开放手术

治疗• 双侧上尿路结石手术原则:(相对性)• ( 1 )双侧输尿管结石:梗阻严重一侧• ( 2 )一侧输尿管一侧肾结石:输尿管• ( 3 )双侧肾结石:容易一侧• ( 4 )急性梗阻无尿:立即手术或经皮肾

造瘘

Intervention of Renal Colic

• Antispasmodic therapy:

• atropine, anisodamine, progesterone

• Analgesia:

• pethidine, suppository of indomethacin, procaine

• Combining treatment

Case Report

• 61yr female , recurrent obvious flank pain with high fever 。 Urinalysis WBC++++ , relief after antibiotics therapy.

• Ultrasound: fluid occupation at lower pole of Rt kidney, KUB+IVP : occupation at lower pole of Rt kidney, Rt kidney not visible. Dense plaque located alongside of Rt ureter.

• CT: suspect of multiple renal cysts (Rt).

Final Diagnosis

• Duplicate pelvises & ureters of the right kidney.

• Ureteral stone of the lower Rt ureter with hydronephrosis of the lower renal pelvis.

膀胱结石临床表现

(1) 尿流中断、疼痛 (2) 排尿困难 (3) 尿路刺激症 (4) 感染 (5) 血尿

膀胱结石诊断 (1) 病史 (2) 影像学检查 a 、 X 线检查 b 、 B 超 (3) 膀胱镜检查

膀胱结石治疗

(1) 病原治疗

(2) 经膀胱镜机械、超声、液电、气压 弹道或激光碎石。

(3) 膀胱切开取石术

膀胱结石

膀胱结石

尿道结石继发结石居多一、发生部位 : 前列腺部尿道、尿道舟状窝、 尿道外口。二、临床表现 (1) 疼痛 (2) 排尿困难、尿潴留 (3) 出血、感染

尿道结石三、诊断 (1) 病史 (2) 体检 : 扪诊 (3) 金属尿道探子 (4) 尿道镜 (5)X 线检查 (6)B 超

尿道结石

四、治疗原则 (1) 前尿道结石应尽可能避免尿

道切开取石 (2) 后尿道结石将其推入膀胱后

再按膀胱结石处理

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