Post on 21-May-2018
PUM
CD
ept.
of A
nat.
His
t. &
Em
bry.
BLOOD
陈咏梅
YONG-MEI CHEN
Dept. of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology
Peking Union Medical College
PUM
CD
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of A
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His
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Em
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Composition & functions of plasma
Structure & functions of erythrocytes
Classification, structure & functions
of leukocytes
Structure & functions of platelets
Hemopoiesis
Content
PUM
CD
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nat.
His
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Em
bry.
Blood smear
Wright & Giemsa stain (azures)
PUM
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Hemogram
Plasma~ 55%
Platelets(100-300)×109 /L
MonocytesAgranular ~ ~ 45%
Lymphocytes6-10×109 /LelementBasophilsLeukocytesFormed
Granular ~ EosinophilsNeutrophils
female: 3.9-5.5×1012 /LErythrocytes
male: 4.1-6 ×1012 /L
Blood
Hematocrit: 40-50% in men & 35-45% in women
PUM
CD
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of A
nat.
His
t. &
Em
bry.
I. Plasma: yellowish & translucent1. Compositions:
PUM
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Plasma proteins: • albumin, α,β,γ-globulin • clotting protein (prothrombin, fibrinogen, etc.) • complement protein (C1-C9) • lipoproteins (chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL)2. Functions:
Transportation, regulation & defense3. Serum:
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II. Formed element:1. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cell, RBC)(1) Structure:
1) biconcave disc2) d ≈ 7-8μm
sectioned slide“Histologic ruler”
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3) acidophilic
4) no nucleus
5) no organelles
6) rich in hemoglobin
7) deformable membrane
(1) Structure:
1) biconcave disc
2) d ≈ 7-8μm
PUM
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Hemoglobin (Hb):globin + iron-containing heme
HbA & HbF
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RBC membrane proteins:
a) Integral ~: Na+-K+ pump, Ca2+ pump, and glucose transport protein, band 3 protein, and glycophorins etc.
Blood groupABO group Rh group
hemolytictransfusion reaction
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b) Peripheral ~: spectrin, actin, and ankyrin etc. serving as a membrane skeleton.
RBC membrane proteins:
RBC membrane is flexible & deformable
PUM
CD
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of A
nat.
His
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(2) Functions: O2 transport and CO2 transport
AlveoliCell in the tissue
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(3) Normal value of erythrocytes
female: 3.9-5.5×1012 /LErythrocytes
male: 4.1-6 ×1012 /L
Hemoglobinfemale: 105-135 g/L
male: 120-150 g/L
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(4) Change of RBC1) Physical adaptation:2) Pathological changes:D > 9μm: macrocytes; D < 6μm: microcytes
Anisocytosis
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eg: Iron-deficiency ~, Sickle cell ~, Mediterranean ~ etc.
Anemia: RBC < 3 × 1012 /L, Hb < 100g/L
PUM
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(5) Osmotic equilibrium between RBC and plasma
blood shadow or blood ghost
PUM
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(6) Reticulocyte: 0.5~1.5% of RBCanucleate, contain some organelles, e.g.: rRNAdemonstrated by brilliant cresyl blue methods
（煌焦油蓝）
PUM
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(7) Life span: about 120days
PUM
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Inactive WBC
diapedetis
Active WBC
Blood
2. Leukocytes (White Blood Cell, WBC)
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Monocytes 3-8% Agranular ~
Lymphocytes 20-30%6-10×109 /LBasophils < 1% Leukocytes
Granular ~ Eosinophils 0.5-3%Neutrophils 50-70% (1) Introduction:
1) Granular leukocytesa. Azurophilic granules: staining purple, lysosomesb. Specific granules:
PUM
CD
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of A
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Monocytes 3-8% Agranular ~
Lymphocytes 20-30%6-10×109 /LBasophils < 1% Leukocytes
Granular ~ Eosinophils 0.5-3%Neutrophils 50-70% (1) Introduction:
2) Agranular leukocytesa. Azurophilic granules
3) Life span: variable
PUM
CD
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of A
nat.
His
t. &
Em
bry.
(2) Classification:1) Neutrophils: 12-15μma. Structure:
Nucleus: band-form or multilobed, 2-5 lobes
Specific granules: neutrophilic ~: small, barely visible in LM, containing alkaline phosphatase, collagenaseand lysozyme etc.
PUM
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b. Functions:Chemotaxis:Phagocytosis and destruction of microorganisms, especially bacteria.
• Pus & pyocyte
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2) Eosinophils: 12-15μma. Structure:
Nucleus: bilobed
Specific granules:
containing major basic protein, histaminase, myeloperoxidase, etc.
Eosinophilic ~: staining orange-pink, large, elongated, crystalline core, refractile, and
PUM
CD
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of A
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b. Functions:Chemotaxis:Phagocytosis of Ag-Ab-complexes and destruction of parasites.
PUM
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3) Basophils: 12-15μma. Structure:
Nucleus: lobed, S-shaped, or irregular, often masked by the overlying specific granules
PUM
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b. Functions: mediatingthe allergic reactions.
eosinophil chemotacticfactor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A). Leukotriene
Specific granules: Basophilic ~: metachromasia, staining blue purple and containing heparin, histamin,
PUM
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4) Lymphocytes:a. Structure:
Small lymphocytes: 6-8μm, nucleus: cytoplasm≈9:1Deeply-stained spherical nucleus, sometimes with an indentation, located eccentrically; cytoplasm is basophilic, sky-blue, contains fine azurophilic granules.
PUM
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Medium-sized lymphocytes: 9-12μmLarge lymphocytes: 13-18μm
b. Classification and functions: • B-Lymphocytes: 20-30%, responsible for humoral immunity• T-Lymphocytes: 70-80%, responsible for cell-mediated
immunity• Natural killer cells:
PUM
CD
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of A
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5) Monocytes: 12-20μma. Structure: oval, kidney- or horseshoe-shaped nucleus,
eccentric position; cytoplasm is basophilic, bluish-gray, and contains fine azurophilic granules.
b. Functions:
Precursor cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system
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3. Platelets: (Thrombocytes) 2-4μm
(1) Structure: often in clumps1) anucleate, biconvex round or ovoid discs.
PUM
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of A
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2) Hyalomere: peripheral clear zone
• dense tubular system
• open canalicular system
• microtubules
3) Granulomere: central darker zone
• α, λ, δ granules
PUM
CD
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nat.
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(2) Functions: promote blood clotting & controlling hemorrhage
thrombocytopenic purpura
(3) Life span: ~ 10 days.
PUM
CD
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of A
nat.
His
t. &
Em
bry.
Hemopoiesis (Blood Cell Formation)I. Hemopoietic Organ:1. Mesoblastic phase: york sac2. Hepatic phase:3. Splenic phase:4. Myeloid phase:
bone marrow
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Red Bone Marrow Yellow Bone Marrow
RBM YBM
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Structure of Red Bone Marrow:(1) Stroma: reticular tissue(2) Hemopoietic cord: hemopoietic cells & macrophages(3) Sinusoids:
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pluripotential hemopoietic stem cells
progenitor cells (committed stem cells)
precursor cells (blasts)
colony-forming cells (CFC) or
colony-forming units (CFU).
colony-stimulating factors (CSF), growth factors or hematopoietins, e.g.: Erythropoietin (EPO), G-CSF, GM-CSF etc
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Monoblast
Myeloblast
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(1) Cell volume: ↓(2) Cytoplasm:
basophilic → acidophilic(3) Nucleus: ↓ disappear
nucleoli: disappearchromatin condensation
• Major morphological changes:
II. Erythropoiesis ~7d
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III. Granulopoiesis ~11d Granules
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IV. Thrombopoiesis
Megakaryoblast →Promegakaryocyte → Megakaryocyte→ Platelet