陈 桦huachennju@gmail.com

语言学研究方法研修班 · 常州

漫谈英语教学二、三事　　　（之二）

Examples

I went to Changzhou on Thursday to give a lecture.

I went to Changzhou on Thursday || to give a lecture

I went to Changzhou || on Thursday || to give a lecture

Examples

I sent some flowers to my sister who lives in Guilin

I sent some flowers to my sister || who lives in Guilin

Examples

Mary left her mother to make a cup of coffee

Mary left her mother || to make a cup of coffee

Examples

I didn’t come because he told me.

I didn’t come || because he told me

Examples

Fred didn’t talk with me honestly

Fred didn’t talk with me || honestly

Examples

Examples

Panda – eats shoots & leaves

Helen Beer, 2005

Examples

这位姑娘乌黑头发没有麻子嘴不大端正

这位姑娘乌黑 // 头发没有 // 麻子 // 嘴不大端正

这位姑娘 // 乌黑头发 // 没有麻子 // 嘴不大 // 端正

------ 吴洁敏 2001 《汉语节律学》

Examples

5 加 4 // 乘 以 // 6 减 3 = 27 (5+4) *(6-3)=275 加 // 4 乘 以 // 6 减 3 = 17 5+(4*(6-3))=175 加 4 // 乘 以 6 // 减 3 = 51 ((5+4)*6)-3=515 加 4 乘 以 6 // 减 3 = 26 (5+4*6)-3=26

------ 查尔斯 ·C. 弗里斯《英语结构》

5 加 4 乘 以 6 减 3

Examples

I didn’t say it was green.

I didn’t say it was GREEN.

I didn’t say it WAS green.

I didn’t SAY it was green.I DIDN’T say it was green.

Examples

Part of speech

nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, negation, numbers, demonstratives, interrogatives, auxiliaries contracted with “not”, reflexive pronouns

prepositions, articles, conjunctions, personal pronouns, auxiliaries, there be, infinitive particles,

Information status

new information given information

Examples

Put it on the TABLE

Put it ON the table

Examples

' 我知道你会这样做的。 （别人不知道）我 ' 知道你会这样做的。（你别以为我不知道）我知道 ' 你会这样做的。（别人不会这样做）我知道你 ' 会这样做的。（你怎么说自己不会呢？）我知道你会 ' 这样做的。（不会那样做）我知道你会这样 ' 做的。 （不仅仅是说说而已）

Examples

n. + n. → 1st n.

adj. + n. → n.

Examples

English teacher

English teacher

Examples

鸭头 丫头 蛇头 舌头 利害 厉害 地道 地道

' 谁叫你来的？ 谁叫你来的。 （重读表特指疑问） （轻声任指表陈述）

你 ' 怎么吃大蒜？ ' 你怎么吃大蒜 ? （重读问行为方式） （弱读问原因）

Examples

Examples

rising tone (HR, LR, FR): open non-assertive, continuative

falling tone (HF, LF, RF): closed assertive, non-continuative ------ A. Cruttenden, 1997

Examples

Examples

明天六点起床？

明天六点起床。

由于受到声调的影响，汉语疑问升调不是通过调型的上扬实现，而是通过音位的抬高而实现。

Examples

A: I hope you won’t mind my asking, but I’d like to

know if you enjoyed your working on the fishing

boat.

B: Hardly, it was very tiring and boring.

A: Oh? Why was that?

B: Actually, it was not a fishing boat. It was a huge

ship with a fish-processing factory on it.

A: Really?

B: Yes. All I did was cutting fish into pieces. And I

had to do it from morning till night for the whole

summer.

Significance Significance

Segmental?

Suprasegmental?

语言作为人类社会最重要和最方便的交际工具，只有语言作为人类社会最重要和最方便的交际工具，只有其自然口头形态能够充分体现，因为它具有书面形态其自然口头形态能够充分体现，因为它具有书面形态多半不具备的韵律结构信息。（曹建芬，多半不具备的韵律结构信息。（曹建芬， 20102010 ））

Phonetics

Key ConceptsKey Concepts

Phonetics

linguistics

physiology/acoustics/psychology

computer science

statistics

… …

interdisciplinary

MethodologyMethodology

Data collectionData collection

AnnotationAnnotation

Phonetic featuresPhonetic features

designdesignrecordingrecording

transcriptiontranscription

segmental/prosodicsegmental/prosodic

linguisticlinguistic

data extractiondata extraction

statistical analysisstatistical analysis

CorpusCorpus

MethodologyMethodology

http://www.praat.org

MethodologyMethodology

Vowels:

(1) high or low of the speaker’s tongue; (2) front or back of the speaker’s tongue;(3) rounded or not of the speaker’s lips.

Formant: F1 & F2 high/low of the tongue front/back of the tongue

MethodologyMethodology

Vowels: /a:/

MethodologyMethodology

/i:/ & /a:/ tongue ↓ F1 ↑

MethodologyMethodology

/i/ /e/ & /a/ tongue↓ F1↑ front→back F2↓

MethodologyMethodology

Consonants:

Place of articulation Manner of articulation

MethodologyMethodology

Corpus:

36 hours → speech corpus

------ (Hunston, 2004)

MethodologyMethodology

ESCCL 北方方言

吴方言

湘方言

赣方言

客家话

粤方言

闽方言

晋语

平话

徽方言

初中

高中

英专本科

英专硕士

MethodologyMethodology

MethodologyMethodology

Comment Comment

中国二语习得研究走向成熟 （马楠， 2008 ）

会议涉及到的主要议题包括双语研究、多语研究、儿童二语习得、语音学 /音位学、词汇学、形态学、句法学、口头语篇、书面语篇、语用学、研究方法、课堂认知、社会文化视角的二语习得、社会语言学视角的二语习得、普遍语法、测试和计算机辅助语言学习等。

中国二语习得专业委员会成立，表明中国二语习得研究走向成熟。 ？

Comment Comment

Although intonation is particular difficult for learners of a second language to master, it is seldom taught systematically.

------ Grice & Bauman, 2007

Problems Problems

what

are

they

she

asked

himat

lastMFK09

Rhythm Rhythm

RhythmRhythm

StudiesStudies

YANG Jin (2010):YANG Jin (2010):Repetition & Explicit Instruction →nucleusRepetition & Explicit Instruction →nucleus

Time (s)4.05 5.550

500

thepau pictures are

pause

diffrent

fromea ch o

ther

Time (s)3.72 6.210

500

the pictures

are

diff rent

from

each

other

Time (s)3.07 5.040

500

the

pic

tures

are

diffrent

from

each

other

Chen & Sun (2010)Chen & Sun (2010)

Frequency Effect of Input & Output on L2 learners’ Frequency Effect of Input & Output on L2 learners’ Phonological AcquisitionPhonological Acquisition

““Practice makes perfect.” vs. “Practice makes permanent.”Practice makes perfect.” vs. “Practice makes permanent.”

StudiesStudies

DAI Lijuan (2009)

Phonologic LoopWhen to start?

What to start with?

Early literacy has a negative effect on native-like

pronunciation.

StudiesStudies

Any more efficient ways?

Classroom activities

Drama performing?

Movie dubbing?

Computer-assisted learning?

… …

TeachingTeaching

L2 learners need not learn formal analysis of intonation. Far from it.

?

When?

Rules?Rules?

Which norm?

Speaking vs. Listening

TeachingTeaching

Thank you!