( )

1.

140°N

mid Pacific trough

(Postel and Hitchman, 1999)

(Hoskins et al., 1985)

e.g., 1999

2.

2001~2012 12 7,8

TRMM (TMPA) 3B42NCEP/NCAR 3B42

TRMM

50°S-50°N

0.5°×0.5°NCEP/NCAR2.5°×2.5

6

3. 350K 200 hPa

1 (2001~2012 7,8 )(a) SST (NOAA OISST; ), (b)

200 hPa ; m/s; m (c) 350K 200

hPa Ertel (PVU)

107

2 PVU

2 1.5 PVU

(850 hPa)

1.5 PVU

2 2010 8 850 hPa 1kg/kg mm/day

350 K 1.5 PVU, 3 PVU

108

1.5PVU 3PVU

3

350K 1.5PVU

0

120°E 18020°N 50°N

2.51.5PVU

10

1/3 7,8 3f 40°N

3a-d

3 350K 1.5PVU(a,b) 925 hPa, 850 hPa (c) (mm/day), (d) (c) (±20 ) (e) (Pa/s) (f)

109

1.5 PVU

3e

7 86

3

2

2-

2

2 8 11

4.

Bretherton, 1966

PV(PPVI)

Robinson, 1989

15

4 3 Qlog-p

130 160°E

110

SST 40°N

e-folding time 1

Q 2

1.5PVUQ

4 2PPVI

Q

2

Q

2(confluence)

4 Q

PPVI

20 30°N

5.

350 K 1.5 PVU

2( )

Knippertz (2013) “atmospheric river”

Atmospheric river

6.

5

350 K 1.5 PVU

111

2

NCEP/NCAR

NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSDTRMM (TMPA) NASA web

Bretherton, F. P., 1966: Critical layer

instability in baroclinic flows. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 92, 325–334.

Hoskins, B. J., M. E. McIntyre, and A. W.

Robertson, 1985: On the use and significance of isentropic potential- vorticity maps. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 111, 877-946.

Knippertz, P., H., Wernli, and G. Glaeser, 2013: A global climatology of tropical moisture exports, J. Clim., 26, 3031-3045.

Postel, G.A., M.H. Hitchman, 1999: A Climatology of Rossby Wave Breaking along the Subtropical Tropopause. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 359–373.

Robinson, W.A., 1989: On the structure of potential vorticity in baroclinic instability, Tellus, 41A, 275-284.

, 1999: , 46, 453-460.

5 3200 hPa

PV

112