淡 江 資 管 碩 專 一799630180 許 瀞 文799630081 陳 雅 玲

指 導 教 授 ： 戴 敏 育 博 士報 告 日 期 ： 2011.03 .26

Soft Systems Methodology

-Peter Checkland “Soft Systems Methodology: A Thirty YearRetrospective” Systems Research

and Behavioral Science Syst. Res. 17, S11–S58 (2000)

Agenda

 Overview History The 7-Stage Approach of SSM CATWOE Conceptual Models of Human Activity

Systems Outcomes and applications of SSM

Overview

ProblemSituation

Overview

Hard v.s. Soft實體論 v.s. 認識論

Structured Systems Analysis and Design Methodology

Soft systems methodology

來源 : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_systems http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_systems_methodology

Overview

Soft systems methodology

“is a framework which does not force or lead the systems analyst to a particular ‘solution’, rather to an understanding”

-- Hirschheim et al. (1995:242)

來源 : http://www.idi.ntnu.no/grupper/su/publ/html/totland/ch0526.htm Beyond the information systems outsourcing bandwagon: The insourcing response --- Lacity, Mary Cecelia & Hirschheim, R. A.

History

1966  Gwilym Jenkins , University of Lancaster 使用系統工程的方法解決管理問題

1969 Peter Checkland Brian Wilson

Checkland, P. Systems Thinking, Systems Practice, John Wiley & Sons, London, 1981.

Soft Systems Methodology: A Thirty Year Retrospectivea

來源 : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_systems_methodology

The 7-Stage Approach of SSM

entering the problem situation,expressing the problem situation,formulating root definitions of relevant

systems,building Conceptual Models of Human

Activity Systems,comparing the models with the real world,defining changes that are desirable and

feasible, andtaking action to improve the real world

situation.來源 :Checkland, P. (1981) Systems Thinking, Systems Practice

來源 : http://www.idi.ntnu.no/grupper/su/publ/html/totland/ch0526.htm

來源 :Checkland, P. (1981) Systems Thinking, Systems Practice

CATWOE

Game Rule

Criterion

思考方向

CATWOE

Clients – Who are the beneficiaries or victims of this particular system? (Who would benefit or suffer from its operations?)

Actors – Who are responsible for implementing this system? (Who would carry out the activities which make this system work?)

來源 :Checkland, P. (1981) Systems Thinking, Systems Practice

CATWOE

Transformation – What transformation does this system bring about? (What are the inputs and what transformation do they go through to become the outputs?)

Weltanschauung (or Worldview) – What particular worldview justifies the existence of this system? (What point of view makes this system meaningful?)

來源 :Checkland, P. (1981) Systems Thinking, Systems Practice

CATWOE

Owner – Who has the authority to abolish this system or change its measures of performance?

Environmental constraints – Which external constraints does this system take as a given?

來源 :Checkland, P. (1981) Systems Thinking, Systems Practice

Conceptual Models of Human Activity Systems

To represent a viewpointNot intended to represent real world’s

objects

來源 : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_systems http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_systems_methodology

Conceptual Models of Human Activity Systems

Form of bubble diagramsDescriptions of activities are enclosed in

bubblesBubbles link to each other by arrowsArrows are intended to represent logical

dependency

來源 : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_systems http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_systems_methodology

Conceptual Models of Human Activity Systems

1. Using verbs in the imperative2. Write down activities necessary to carry out

the transformation3. Aim for 7 plus or minus 2 activities that are

at the same scale4. Select activities which could be done at

once

(Soft Systems - Modified December 2005, Bob Williams, The Kellogg Foundation)

Conceptual Models of Human Activity Systems

5. Place these activities in a line6. Then those are dependent on these first

activities in a line7. Continue until all are accounted for

(Soft Systems - Modified December 2005, Bob Williams, The Kellogg Foundation)

Conceptual Models of Human Activity Systems

8. Indicate the dependencies9. Rearrange to avoid overlapping arrows where

possible10. Add a means of assessing performance11. Include the aspects of the environment

identified in CATWOE12. Check

(Soft Systems - Modified December 2005, Bob Williams, The Kellogg Foundation)

Conceptual Models of Human Activity Systems

An ongoing purpose A means of assessing performance A decision taking process Components that are also systems Components that are interact An environment Resources Continuity

(Soft Systems - Modified December 2005, Bob Williams, The Kellogg Foundation)

來源 :http://www.bryanhopkins.co.uk/learning_design/soft_systems.htm

來源 :http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=852235&show=html

來源 :http://www.palgrave-journals.com/jors/journal/v60/n2/full/2602542a.html

Conceptual Models of Human Activity Systems

Checkland - limited to a small number (seven, plus or

minus two) of bubblesCybernetics - the main activities are always supplemented

by bubbles representing monitor and control systems

Wilson's Information Requirements Analysis -

may expand to include hundreds of bubbles, and the monitor and control systems are

dropped.來源 : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_systems http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_systems_methodology

Outcomes and applications of SSM

Learning systemPart of a new paradigm for Operational

ResearchA front-end for information system design

來源 : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_systems http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_systems_methodology

Outcomes and applications of SSM

Address any kind of unstructured soft problem in any organizational or social context

Function as a learning system by facilitating a greater understanding of the problem situation

Produce various types of result by bringing out the world views of the people involved in the problem situation

來源 : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_systems http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_systems_methodology

Outcomes and applications of SSM

Organizational designInformation systemsGeneral problem solvingPerformance evaluationEducationMiscellaneous

來源 : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_systems http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_systems_methodology

References

線上資料 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_systems http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_systems_methodology http://www.idi.ntnu.no/grupper/su/publ/html/totland/ch0526.htm http://www.eulacias.org/materiales/caso_uy/curso_coinnovacion_2010/modulo2/

materiales/soft_systems_methodology_retrospective_checkland_2000.pdf http://www.bryanhopkins.co.uk/learning_design/soft_systems.htm http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=852235&show=html http://www.palgrave-journals.com/jors/journal/v60/n2/full/2602542a.html

書籍 Checkland, P. (1981) Systems Thinking, Systems Practice

論文 Peter Checkland (2000),“Soft Systems Methodology: A Thirty YearRetrospective”

Systems Research and Behavioral Science Syst. Res. 17, S11–S58 Lacity, Mary Cecelia & Hirschheim, R. A. Beyond the information systems

outsourcing bandwagon: The insourcing response Bob Williams (2005), Soft Systems - Modified December 2005